The present paper features processes of serum biotransformation. The serum was obtained from triticale extract and pea flour after protein concentrates of increased biological value had been extracted. The research objective was to obtain microbial and vegetable feed concentrates by using a composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae121 yeast and the yeast-like fungus Geotrichumcandidum 977. The mass fraction of protein in the two-component composites was 75–80% of the dry matter. The score of the first and the second limiting amino acids (lysine and threonine) equaled 103–113%, and that of the third acid (sulfur- containing) was 71–72%. The chemical composition of the composites corresponded to the ‘Concentrates’ group; the values of their functional and technological properties were typical of concentrates from other types of grain crops. The study revealed some cultures that are able to actively develop in serum, which is a secondary product of processing the extract after protein isolation. A symbiotic ferment was prepared from the fungus Geotrichumcandidum 977 and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 121, which ensures the growth of biomass in a carbohydrate- and nitrogen-containing medium. Proteins were isolated under the action of amylase, glucoamylase, cellulose, and xylanase. The amount of high-molecular compounds (dextrins) and trioses (raffinose) released from the interaction with protein and non-starch polysaccharides decreased 2–4 times in the solution. The amount of glucose, disaccharides, xylose, and galactose increased 2–10 times, compared with the original extracts. The serum remaining after the removal of the main mass of the protein was enriched with low molecular weight mono- and oligosaccharides, which positively affected the growth of microorganisms. The mass fraction of proteins in the microbial-vegetable composite obtained from the extract with the triticale proteins and pea flour ratio of 1:5 was 15% higher than at the ratio of 1:3. Microbial and vegetable concentrates with a mass fraction of protein of 55.8–75.1% of dry matter can be used in fodder production as a protein-carbohydrate additive. Protein composites made of protein triticale and peas with a complementary amino acid composition can improve the biological value and performance of food products.
Резюме. Цель. Целью исследований являлась разработка процесса утилизация вторичных продуктов пере-работки зерна тритикале на крахмал и белковый концентрат с получением кормового микробно-растительного концентрата (КМРК) для прудовых рыб. Методы. В работе использовали стандартные и спе-циальные методы анализа химического, биохимического состава (аминокислотного, минерального, жирно-кислотного, углеводного), микробиологических показателей зерна тритикале, вторичных продуктов его пере-работки и КМРК. Результаты. Показано, что с учетом особенностей химического состава сывороточных вод, нерастворимого остатка и мезги, методом биоконверсии целесообразно производить КМРК, используя продуцент -дрожжи Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Кормовая ценность КМРК по показателям протеина, липидов, минеральных веществ, клетчатки соответствовала нормативным показателям, предъявляемым к кормам для прудовой рыбы семейства карповых. КМРК содержал легкоусвояемые углеводы, качественный протеин с незаменимыми аминокислотами и липиды, в состав которых входили насыщенные, ненасыщенные жирные кислоты, включая семейства ω-6, ω-3 и фосфатиды. Заключение. Разработан процесс биоконверсии для утилизации вторичных продуктов переработки зерна тритикале на крахмал А и белковый концентрат с полу-чением на основе сывороточных вод КМРК для прудовых рыб. Концентрат характеризовался высокими зна-чениями скора незаменимых аминокислот, преобладанием ненасыщенных жирных кислот, наличием биоло-гически активных фосфолипидов, стеринов, микро-, макроэлементов. Использование концентрата в качестве добавки обеспечит сохранность рыбы, увеличит темпы роста, снизит стоимость корма и улучшит экологиче-скую обстановку на крахмальных заводах. Ключевые слова: тритикале, вторичные продукты переработки, сывороточные воды, утилизация, биокон-версия, кормовой микробно-растительный концентрат.
Objectives. This work aimed to develop technology to produce biodegradable hybrid composite (BHC) films based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 115030-070 and thermoplastic starches (TPS) of various origins (corn, pea, and rice), with distilled monoglycerides as the plasticizer. The properties of the produced BHC films were studied and the optimal native starch : glycerol : monoglycerides ratio is proposed.Methods. TPS and BHC films based on this material were produced from different types of native starches in laboratory extruders (Brabender and MashPlast, Russia), and the extruded melts were subjected to ultrasonic vibrations. The structure and appearance of the BHC films were studied using scanning electron microscopy and rheology. Their biodegradability was assessed by immersing them in biocompost for three months. To evaluate the mechanical performance of the BHC films produced with and without ultrasound, the changes in tensile stress and elongation at break were determined during the biodegradation process.Results. The BHC films had a homogeneous structure, except small agglomerates (non-melted starch grains), which did not reduce their quality. The films with monoglycerides had high tensile strength, which was comparable with low-density polyethylene. After removing samples of the BHC films from the biocompost, their tensile strength decreased by 20%, which shows their biodegradability.Conclusions. The produced biodegradable composite films and the technology used to produce them will be applicable for the packaging industry to reduce environmental impact.
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