Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a double-stranded DNA virus which can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Its seroprevalence in adults ranges from 40% to 100% depending on geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Seropositive individuals have latent CMV infection with viral DNA present in peripheral blood leucocytes. CMV can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in susceptible individuals, e.g. CMV-seronegative bone marrow allograft patients. Evidence, from a number of reports, suggests that provision of leucodepleted blood components may be as effective as the use of components from CMV-seronegative donors in preventing CMV infection and disease. This is relevant in the UK because Blood Transfusion Services are implementing universal leucodepletion of cellular blood components to minimize the theoretical risk of transmission of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This review examines data on the biology of CMV, discusses options for testing and summarizes the impact of CMV-seronegative and leucodepleted blood components on transfusion-transmitted CMV.
In this paper, we measure the ellipticities of 30 LSB dI galaxies and compare the ellipticity distribution with that of 80 dEs (Ryden & Terndrup 1994;Ryden et al. 1998) and 62 BCDs (Sung et al. 1998). We find that the ellipticity distribution of LSB dIs is very similar to that of BCDs, and marginally different from that of dEs. We then determine the distribution of intrinsic shapes of dI galaxies and compare to those of other type dwarf galaxies under various assumptions. First, we assume that LSB dIs are either all oblate or all prolate, and use non-parametric analysis to find the best-fitting distribution of intrinsic shapes. With this assumption, we find that the scarcity of nearly circular LSB dIs implies, at the 99% confidence level, that they cannot be a population of randomly oriented oblate or prolate objects. Next, we assume that dIs are triaxial, and use parametric analysis to find permissible distributions of intrinsic shapes. We find that if the intrinsic axis ratios, β and γ, are distributed according to a Gaussian with means β 0 and γ 0 and a common standard deviation of σ, the best-fitting set of parameters for LSB dIs is (β 0 , γ 0 , σ) = (0.66, 0.50, 0.15), and the best fit for BCDs is (β 0 , γ 0 , σ) = (0.66, 0.55, 0.16), while the best fit for dEs is (β 0 , γ 0 , σ) = (0.78, 0.69, 0.24). The dIs and BCDs thus have a very similar shape distribution, given this triaxial hypothesis, while the dEs peak at a somewhat more spherical shape. Our results are consistent with an evolutionary scenario in which the three types of dwarf galaxy have a close relation with each other.
We measure the apparent shapes for a sample of 62 blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs), and compare them with the apparent shapes for a sample of 80 dwarf elliptical galaxies (dEs). The BCDs are flatter, on average, than the dEs, but the difference is only marginally significant. We then use both non-parametric and parametric techniques to determine possible distributions of intrinsic shapes for the BCDs. The hypothesis that BCDs are oblate spheroids can be ruled out with a high confidence level (> 99%), but the hypothesis that they are prolate spheroids cannot be excluded. The apparent shapes of BCDs are totally consistent with the hypothesis that they are triaxial ellipsoids. If the intrinsic axis ratios, β and γ, are distributed according to a Gaussian with means β 0 and γ 0 and standard deviation σ, we find the best-fitting distribution for BCDs has (β 0 , γ 0 , σ) = (0.66, 0.55, 0.16), while that for dEs has (β 0 , γ 0 , σ) = (0.85, 0.64, 0.24). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that BCDs have a close evolutionary relation with dEs.
Problem statement: Buddha image is a symbol which built for representing the Buddha. At present, the majority of people always misinterpret and misevaluate the real value of Buddha image. As a matter of fact, Buddha image enhances social solidarity and social networks of Northeast-Thai people. Appreciating value of Buddha image is necessary for next generation so a study of Buddhist Philosophy towards Buddha images and current problems concerning interpretation and evaluation is a serious study. This research aimed at investigating a body of knowledge of Buddhist Philosophy towards Buddha image and current problems concerning interpretation and evaluation of Buddha image according to Buddhist Philosophy. Approach: Research areas were Ubon Ratchathani Province, Yasothon Province and Maha Sarakham Province. A sample of 116 people consisted of a group of key informants, a group of casual informants and a group of general informants. Research instruments were an observation, a survey, an interview and a focus group interview. Research data were examined by means of a triangulation technique and research results were presented by means of a descriptive analysis. Results: Buddha images reflect Buddhist philosophy towards 7 postures of the Buddha, they are a Buddha image in a posture of overcoming temptations (Pang Mara Wichai), in a posture of sitting under the protection of the hood of the mythical serpent (Pang Nak Prok), in a posture of sitting in meditation (Pang Samati), in a posture of giving a sermon (Pang Prathan Porn), in a posture of sitting with an aureole around the body (Pang Ruean Kaew) and in a posture of displaying the Twin Miracles (Pang Yamok Patihan). A main current problem is people are more interested in the miracle power of Buddha image than the practice according to Buddhist Philosophy which conceals in it. Conclusion/Recommendation: Research result reveals the value of Buddhist Philosophy which conceals in Buddha image and point to the usefulness of Buddhist Philosophy for daily life and perpetuation of Buddhism in Isan society (Northeast society of Thailand).
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