BackgroundThe rate of progression of the disease depends on various factors and the tumor microenvironment takes not the last place among them. One part of researchers argues that the presence of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes serves as a favorable marker of the disease. There exists a completely different point of view on the matter.The investigation of the effects of the inflammatory infiltration on the course of breast cancer process.MethodsWe found a pronounced inflammatory infiltration in the tumor microenvironment in 24 cases. Nineteen cases of IDC without inflammatory infiltration were used as a control group. Immunohistochemical reaction showed expression of ERα, PR, HER2/neu, E-cadherin, Hsp90α, Bcl-2, CD3, CD79α, S100 and Myeloperoxidase receptors. Mathematical calculations were done using Microsoft Excel 2010 with 12.0.5 Attestat option.ResultsWe have determined five variants of immune microenvironment: interstitial, trabecular, nodular, diffuse and mixed. We have established a direct correlation between the expression of ERα and PR and indirect correlation between the receptors of steroid hormones and HER2/neo in both groups of breast cancer. HER2/neo positive tumors in 100% of cases were accompanied by the presence of heat shock proteins. There was a combination of Bcl-2 presence with the steroid receptors expression in 90 % of cases. There was found the indirect correlation between the presence of B lymphocytes and expression of steroid receptors.ConclusionsThe presence of B lymphocytes in an inflammatory infiltrate leads to the disappearance of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. It provokes the accumulation of Hsp90 in a cell. It contributes to the stabilization of HER2/neu receptors and most proteins that promote tumor progression.Virtual slidesThe virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1362330168161694
a b s t r a c tBackground: Nowadays multiple primary tumor is characterized by growth and development of two or more tumors in one patient. The total world sickness rate ranges from 1% to 37%. The presence of four or more tumors in one patient is rare case and presented as casuistry. Case presentation: We showed a case of multiple primary tumor with metahronic lesion of the thyroid, uterus and breast, followed by synchronous benign tumors of the subcutaneous fat, urinary bladder and gallbladder were considered. The development of all malignant tumors in all cases was accompanied by the presence of benign precancerous processes. Analysis of neoplasia histology shows the predominance of poorly differentiated forms of cancers in women with increased aggressiveness of cancerous tissue in each subsequent case and the growth of metastatic ability. The influence of heredity on the tumors progress is confirmed by immunohistochemical characteristics of cancer cells. Steroid-sensitive tissue of the uterus and breast in both cases didn't express ER and PR, in all cases the tissue had overexpression of Ki-67, p53, bax and bcl-2 receptors. The results of DNA testing for determination the Lynch syndrome revealed the presence of microsatellite instability in genetic material. The results of studies revealed the absence of mutations in these genes (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6). Despite the negative results of the study, it doesn't exclude the possibility of Lynch syndrome for 100%, and its presence may be caused by the mutations of other genes (PMS1, PMS2 and MLH3), responsible for DNA repair. Unfortunately there wasn't any opportunity to study their mutations. Conclusions: While studying the anamnesis of life and disease of women it was revealed that she had multiple primary tumor with lesions of the breast, urinary bladder, thyroid, uterus and other organs. This study shows that neoplastic tissue in all cases had high rates of cell proliferation, their antiapoptotic stability, expression of prognostically unfavorable-receptors, and absence of favorable prognostic markers. Histological study revealed high rates of malignant neoplastic tissue. It indicates to the existence of common mechanisms of malignant tumors and their genetic predisposition that can be clearly observed in many generations of patient.
Materials and Methods:Chemical composition was studied with the help of the scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersion spectrometer. Immunohistochemical reaction showed the p53 and Ki-67 receptors expression. The study of DNA fragmentation was performed in agarose gel. Results: There was an interrelation between the accumulations of the trace elements with the degree of cancer malignancy. There were 85% of cases with positive reaction to Ki-67 and 40% cases with positive reaction to p53. We found a moderate correlation between the accumulation of microelements in the breast cancer tissue and the level of proliferative activity. We noted the combination of the increase of DNA fragmentation with the expression of p53 and Ki-67 receptors. Conclusions: The trace elements can cause the initiation and the progression of the tumorous growth, which is expressed in the increased proliferation of tumor cells. This leads to the destabilization of the genetic material which can be expressed in the synthesis of mutant p53 protein. Finally, it leads to the block of apoptosis and regulatory eff ects of cells. This can cause the tumor progression and the destabilization of the genome, which is refl ected in the increased DNA fragmentation.
Considering the lack of significant anatomical, morphological, and histological differences of red bone marrow of rats and humans, we can state that hematopoiesis in rats takes place on the basis of the same principles as in humans, although it has certain mechanisms.
According to the results of the Euro-Heart Survey on Vascular Heart Disease the most common pathology is nonrheumatic aortic stenosis, it is also called as calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), as in its pathogenesis the process of biomineralization of valve cusps and ring plays the main role. The aim of the work is the immunohistochemical study of mineralized tissue of aortic heart valves, which are affected by atherocalcinosis. Materials and methods. 30 samples of mineralized aortic valves (I group) and 10 samples of aortic valve without evidence of biomineralization (II group-control) were studied. Immunohistochemical study of expression of collagen (Collagen I), CD68, myeloperoxidase (MPO), calgranulin A (S100A8), calgranulin B (S100A9), caspase 3 (Casp 3) and osteopontin (OPN) was conducted in AV tissue of both groups. Results. In CAV tissues the fibrillar component (collagen I) growths was found, but the quantitative and qualitative compositions of CD68+ circulating inflammatory cells are not significantly different from the control group. CAVs contain much more MPO+-cells (p <0.001) in comparison to the group of AVs without biomineralization. Our data show a significant increase of the S100A9 and OPN expression in the mineralized tissue of AVs (p < 0.01). Also, a higher expression level of Casp3 and MPO was found in CAVs (p < 0.05). Comparing the first and the second groups of AVs connection between the expression of S100A8 was not determined. Conclusion. High Casp 3 expression confirms the increased level of cell elimination in the CAVs tissue, which is obviously connected with the impact of high local concentrations of S100A9. These facts can contribute to the development of pathological biomineralization of AV. Since osteopontin inhibits the hydroxyapatite formation by binding to the surface of the crystals, its hyperproduction is a counteracting factor against biomineralization in AV tissue.
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