Сборы зерна пшеницы могут быть повышены за счет использования в производстве устойчивых к болезням и экологически пластичных сортов. Перспективным источником генов устойчивости к абиотическим и биотическим стрессовым факторам является пырей удлиненный Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Beauv. В статье представлены результаты испытания 11 интрогрессивных линий с генами Ag. elongatum и сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы на устойчивость к бурой ржавчине и экологическую пластичность. Эксперименты проводили в лесостепной зоне юга Западной Сибири (Омск) на ежегодном естественном фоне бурой ржавчины. В 2013 и 2014 гг. в регионе отмечена жесткая засуха с большими перепадами температур, а в 2015 г. условия были благоприятны для роста и развития растений. В период наблюдений устойчивость к бурой ржавчине двух интрогрессивных линий с генами Ag. elongatum была преодолена, но шесть линий проявили иммунитет или высокую устойчивость к болезни, резистентность остальных была нестабильна. Контрастные условия среды позволили оценить экологическую пластичность материала. Три устойчивые к бурой ржавчине линии проявили экологическую пластичность в сочетании со стабильной продуктивностью в условиях засухи и при сильных колебаниях температуры, их показатели находились на уровне адаптированных к зоне сортов местной селекции. Эти линии показали продуктивность выше стандартов, а по длине вегетационного периода относились к среднепоздней или позднеспелой группам. Данные линии представляют ценный материал для селекции пшеницы на устойчивость к бурой ржавчине и экологическую пластичность.
The Septoria blotch is one of the most economically harmful diseases of common wheat in Russia and the world. The disease is mainly caused by two pathogen species: Zymoseptoria tritici that damages the leaves, and Parastagonospora nodorum that strikes the leaves and ears. Resistance genes of the alien relatives are traditionally used for genetic defense of cultivars. The aims of the research were to study the resistance of the tall wheatgrass Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu and R.-C. Wang and perspective introgressive lines of spring common wheat with its genetic material to Septoria blotch, and to characterize their agronomical properties to be used in breeding programs in Western Siberia. The studies were carried out in 2015–2019 in the field conditions of the southern forest-steppe (Omsk, Russia) on a natural infection background and according to standard methods. The Septoria diseases developed on the wheat in the period of milk-wax ripeness, independently of humid or dry weather conditions. In 2016, a sharp increase in leaf lesion was noted, probably associated with changes in the Z. tritici population. In 2017, the ratio of Z. tritici and P. nodorum was similar, and in 2019 Z. tritici prevailed. During the research, the lines that combined leaf and ear resistance to damage with high yield and grain quality were selected.
Background. To breed drought-resistant cultivars of common wheat1 (Triticum aestivum L.), it is important to use the gene pools of its relatives, including tall wheatgrass Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpěra) Z.-W. Liu & R.- C. Wang (= Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.). Materials and methods. The introgressive lines of spring common wheat with T. ponticum genetic material and standard cultivars were studied in the field in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia using generally recognized methods. The ecological plasticity of cultivars and introgressive lines by grain yield and yield components was calculated according to the method of S. A. Eberhart and W. A. Russell. During the research period, there was a prolonged drought in 2012, and irregular short severe droughts occurred in 2013, 2014, and 2017. Results. An analysis of the ecological plasticity of standard cultivars adapted to the regional conditions showed that cv. ‘Pamyati Azieva’ corresponded to the extensive type, and cvs. ‘Duet’, and ‘Erythrospermum 59’ corresponded to the intensive type. Under drought conditions, the grain yield of cv. ‘Pamyati Azieva’ was determined by the stable development of productive tiller number, seed number and grain yield per main ear, but plasticity in 1000 grain weight was observed. Cvs. ‘Duet’ and ‘Erythrospermum 59’ showed ecological plasticity due to the adaptive development of two or three yield components. Introgressive lines exceeded the standard cultivars in grain yield (1.1–2.2 times) in dry seasons. Five lines were similar to cv. ‘Pamyati Azieva’ in plasticity and stability, and under drought conditions they demonstrated high and stable development of three or four yield components. The intensive lines formed their yield due to the compensatory development of three yield components in different combinations. Conclusion. Introgressive lines with T. ponticum genetic material are valuable for breeding spring common wheat cultivars with various drought-adaptation mechanisms.
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