Stem rust in recent years has acquired an epiphytotic character, causing significant economic damage for wheat production in some parts of Western Siberia. On the basis of a race composition study of the stem rust populations collected in 2016-2017 in Omsk region and Altai Krai, 13 pathotypes in Omsk population and 10 in Altai population were identified. The race differentiation of stem rust using a tester set of 20 North American Sr genes differentiator lines was carried out. The genes of stem rust pathotypes of the Omsk population are avirulent only to the resistance gene Sr31, Altai isolates are avirulent not only to Sr31, but also to Sr24, and Sr30. A low frequency of virulence (10-25 %) of the Omsk population pathotypes was found for Sr11, Sr24, Sr30, and for Altai population -Sr7b, Sr9b, Sr11, SrTmp, which are ineffective in Omsk region. Field evaluations of resistance to stem rust were made in 2016-2018 in Omsk region in the varieties and spring wheat lines from three different sources. The first set included 58 lines and spring bread wheat varieties with identified Sr genes -the so-called trap nursery (ISRTN -International Stem Rust Trap Nursery). The second set included spring wheat lines from the Arsenal collection, that were previously selected according to a complex of economically valuable traits, with genes for resistance to stem rust, including genes introgressed into the common wheat genome from wild cereal species. The third set included spring bread wheat varieties created in the Omsk State Agrarian University within the framework of a shuttle breeding program, with a synthetic wheat with the Ae. tauschii genome in their pedigrees. It was established that the resistance genes Sr31, Sr40, Sr2 complex are effective against stem rust in the conditions of Western Siberia. The following sources with effective Sr genes were selected: (Benno)/6*Lutescens 87-13 (Sr23, Sr31, Sr36). These sources are recommended for inclusion in the breeding process for developing stem rust resistant varieties in the region.Аннотация. Стеблевая ржавчина пшеницы в последние годы приобрела эпифитотийный характер, нанося значительный экономический ущерб производству зерна пшеницы в отдельных областях Западной Сибири. По результатам изучения расового состава популяций стеблевой ржавчины, собранной в 2016-2017 гг.132 Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции / Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding • 2020 • 24 • 2 Stem rust in Western Siberiarace composition and effective resistance genes в Омской области и Алтайском крае, выявлено 13 патотипов в омской популяции и 10 -в алтайской. Дифференцирование рас стеблевой ржавчины проводили с помощью тестерного набора 20 североамериканских линий-дифференциаторов Sr генов. Гены патотипов стеблевой ржавчины омской популяции авирулентны только к гену устойчивости Sr31, алтайские изоляты авирулентны, помимо Sr31, к генам Sr24, Sr30. Низкая частота вирулентности (10-25 %) патотипов омской популяции установлена для Sr11, Sr24, Sr30, а патотипов алтайской -для Sr7b, Sr9b, Sr11, SrTmp, которые ...
Climate change is leading to increased occurrence of and yield losses to wheat diseases. Managing these diseases by introducing new, effective and diverse resistance genes into cultivars represents an important component of sustainable wheat production. In 2016 and 2017 a set of primary hexaploid synthetic wheat was studied under high disease pressure: powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust in Omsk; Septoria tritici and S. nodorum in Moscow. A total of 28 synthetics (19 CIMMYT synthetics and 9 Japanese synthetics) were selected as having combined resistance to at least two diseases in both years of testing. Two synthetics (entries 13 and 18) originating from crosses between winter durum wheat Ukrainka odesskaya-1530.94 and various Aegilopes taushii accessions, and four synthetics (entries 20, 21, 23 and 24) from cross between Canadian durum wheat Langdon and Ae. taushii were resistant to all four pathogens. Pathological and molecular markers evaluation of resistance suggests presence of new genes and diverse types of resistance. The novel genetic sources of disease resistance identified in this study can be successfully utilized in wheat breeding.
Exploiting genetically diverse lines to identify genes for improving crop performance is needed to ensure global food security. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 46,268 SNP markers on a diverse panel of 143 hexaploid bread and synthetic wheat to identify potential genes/genomic regions controlling agronomic performance (yield and 26 yield-related traits), disease resistance, and grain quality traits. From phenotypic evaluation, we found large genetic variation among the 35 traits and recommended five lines having a high yield, better quality, and multiple disease resistance for direct use in a breeding program. From a GWAS, we identified a total of 243 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) for 35 traits that explained up to 25% of the phenotypic variance. Of these, 120 MTAs have not been reported in the literature and are potentially novel MTAs. In silico gene annotation analysis identified 116 MTAs within genes and of which, 21 MTAs were annotated as a missense variant. Furthermore, we were able to identify 23 co-located multi-trait MTAs that were also phenotypically correlated to each other, showing the possibility of simultaneous improvement of these traits. Additionally, most of the co-located MTAs were within genes. We have provided genomic fingerprinting for significant markers with favorable and unfavorable alleles in the diverse set of lines for developing elite breeding lines from useful trait-integration. The results from this study provided a further understanding of genetically complex traits and would facilitate the use of diverse wheat accessions for improving multiple traits in an elite wheat breeding program.
The total phenolic content, phenolic compositions, and antioxidant capacity in the grain of 40 purple wheat genotypes were studied. In this study, purple wheats were investigated in terms of their composition of free and bound phenolic acids and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. The free phenolic content ranged from 164.25 to 271.05 mg GAE/100 g DW and the bound phenolic content was between 182.89–565.62 mg GAE/100 g wheat. The total phenolic content of purple wheat samples ranged from 352.65 to 771.83 mg GAE/100 g wheat. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, chrysin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, sinapic acid, and chlorogenic acid were detected by HPLC system. Gallic acid, benzoic acid derivatives, and dominant phenolics, which are frequently found in cereals, were also dominant in purple wheat samples and were found in free fractions. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH method. The antioxidant capacity (AA%) in the free phenolic extracts of the purple wheats was between 39.7% and 59.5%, and the AA% values of bound phenolic extract of the purple wheat varied between 42.6% and 62.7%. This study suggested that purple wheat samples have high phenolic compound content as antioxidant potential and therefore consumption of purple wheat-containing food products may provide health benefits.
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