Celiac disease is an immune-mediated systemic disorder caused by gluten in people with genetic predisposition. Celiac disease is characterized by wide range of clinical manifestations (both gastroenterological and extraintestinal), that can complicate the diagnosis. Thus, celiac disease often remains undiagnosed. ESPGHAN has published updated clinical guidelines with adjusted coeliac disease diagnosis algorithms in 2020. It is proposed to determine antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TGA-IgA) and total IgA within normal content of gluten-containing products in the diet on the first stage of children screening. The diagnosis of celiac disease can be established without small intestine biopsy in case of increased levels of TGA-IgA ≥ 10 of upper limit of normal and presence of antibodies to endomysium (EMA-IgA) in secondary serum. In such cases, ESPGHAN does not recommend any additional genetic testing to confirm celiac disease as it does not increase the reliability of the diagnosis. Antigen tests on class G or A antibodies against native gliadin are not specific and are not recommended for use in the diagnosis of celiac disease.
The 3D printing technologies have appeared for a long time and are successfully used in a number of industries. The activities of many leading companies in the creation of layouts, models and prototypes of units, assemblies, products are practically not carried out without the use of 3D printing. The following are batch production technologies with high productivity combined with low cost, comparable to traditional methods of manufacturing products. The production of various products from silicate masses in an additive manner is seriously constrained by a number of issues due to the specifics of the material itself. One of them - achieving high physical and mechanical characteristics is possible only after hydration (for cements) or heat treatment (ceramic masses) of the product. Significant influence is exerted by the method of manufacturing the product. The most convenient and least energy-consuming method (in comparison with the powder 3D printing methods using laser sintering) is layer-by-layer slip casting or plastic extrusion, however, there are some unresolved problems. This paper highlights the key problems of using the additive method of manufacturing structural products on ceramic and hydration bonds using plastic and rigid masses in combination with vibration effects.
2016; 61: 5: 155-159. DOI: 10.21508/1027 61: 5: 155-159. DOI: 10.21508/ -4065-2016 Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare complication of liver diseases, resulting in lung perfusion disturbances and reduction of blood oxygenation. We report a case of hepatopulmonary syndrome in an 11-year-old-boy with congenital liver fibrosis.
The purpose of this article is to report a case of celiac disease in a child with uncommon presentation and severe complications, and briefly review recent literature regarding celiac disease complications in children. We describe a case report of celiac disease in a child (to our knowledge, this is the first to be reported in its unique presentation in the Russian Federation) and precisely review its presenting complications with the exiting works of literature. Many cases of celiac disease in children who are not diagnosed and treated properly suffer from a plethora of complications due to malabsorption and concurrent autoimmune reactions that affect mainly but are not limited to the endocrine system. Complications of celiac disease in children should always be suspected, and evidence-based follow-up recommendations should be introduced as soon as possible because the burden of celiac disease complications in children is remarkable.
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