The second part of the study pays special attention to the disputable issues of defining the concept of «corruption» and different research strategies of analyzing corruption practices and schemes of corrupt behavior through the prism of conflict social interactions. Corruption is characterized as the process and result of illegal conversion of the resources of public officials and private persons that trespasses the boundaries of social contract. The authors view corruption as a method through which capital is seeking to include material and moral elements of society into its movement. These elements, due to evident social and political necessity, cannot belong to private persons and should (could) only exist as a public whole, as public property. The analysis of contemporary research publications shows that the conceptual field of criminology uses the concept of «corruption» in two senses: in the broad sense, which includes all the manifestations of the «corruption» of power and the intentional abuse of office, status and authority by public officials with the purpose of personal enrichment or pursuing group interests, and in the narrow sense - the aggregate of the elements of offences with the corresponding qualifying characteristics and measures of legal liability. The authors conclude that corruption is a latent process of transforming the results of actions into a commodity of a «non-commodity» nature which cannot be the object of exchange within the legal field. Corruption relations are analyzed as such situations of forfeiting the public good to individual private beneficiaries when public officials receive a compensation for transferring to private persons the resources and benefits that do not rightfully belong to them. The authors prove the necessity of identifying the removal of economic, political and symbolic capital from public circulation for the benefit of private persons. They determine the challenges of transferring corruption counteraction from the regional and international perspective to the coordination of legal methods and highlight the conflicts between legal constructs in the development of anti-corruption measures.
Conflictology as an educational program aimed at training specialists in the field of conflict resolution includes not only theoretical aspects, it is focused on modern practice. This stems both from the interdisciplinary subject field of conflict management, which combines the fundamental and applied components, as well as the needs of the labor market and the students themselves. At the same time, being in the circle of social sciences and humanities, conflict management faces the traditional challenges for this industry, associated with the most relevant forms of organizing students’ practical work. The article analyzes the unique experience of the clinical form of organizing the practice of students majoring in conflictology, which has been implemented at St. Petersburg State University for 10 years. The practice of students, organized in the form of a conflict consulting clinic, first of all solves the problem of adapting students to the conditions and requirements of the practical activity of a conflictologist. The authors focus on the issues of correlating the clinical form to the requirements of the newest educational standard. The main forms and stages of students’ work in the clinic are presented. The article describes the opportunities of students in acquiring the skills and abilities in conflict resolution, organizing and conducting the negotiation process, mastering conflict management strategies. The authors conclude that the conflict consulting clinic is a complex pedagogical methodology that includes both in-class and out-of-class forms of student practical activity in working with real cases based on client requests and promoting mediation, as well as teacher supervision with rhythmically organized discussion and correction of students’ actions, which ensures due professionalism and quality services provided by students to external consumers.
The article considers the oppositional and quasi-oppositional or almost oppositional potential of the modern Russian media as the fourth power. The authors come to the conclusion that the modern Russian media sources’ oppositionism does not stem from the illusion that they are the fourth estate, but from the role they play in the system of the relations between the state and the civil society, between the individuals as the members of the civil society and the individuals as the members of the state. The oppositionism of the media is the reflection and expression, and simultaneously it is the symptom of the civil society’s oppositionism. It is its dissatisfaction with the system of the relations that are generated by the modern capitalist mode of production which turns a person into the slave of his needs which are cultivated and imposed on him by the production and the trade. The expansion of the unnecessary wants’ supply includes the media in this whirlpool of the unnecessary for the individual goods’, services’, thoughts’, ideas’ production and by doing so it does become counterpart and hostile to the society. The antagonism of the commercial media towards the society revives the public media, which in reality and according to its social content is now becoming oppositional, or euphemistically described as “the rose among the thorns of the modern times’ morality”. The oppositionism of the emerging media and the quasioppositionism of the commercialized media which, in fact, are cultivating the individual’s selfish opposition towards the civil society, do find its limits of the opposition in the different grounds. The first one finds its limit in the oppositionism of the society itself, in the needs of the people for the change of the existing relations between the authorities and the civil society, the second one does it in the dividends received from the false oppositionism.
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