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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, whose activity results in nucleolus formation, constitute an extremely important part of genome. Despite the extensive exploration into avian genomes, no complete description of avian rRNA gene primary structure has been offered so far. We publish a complete chicken rRNA gene cluster sequence here, including 5'ETS (1836 bp), 18S rRNA gene (1823 bp), ITS1 (2530 bp), 5.8S rRNA gene (157 bp), ITS2 (733 bp), 28S rRNA gene (4441 bp) and 3'ETS (343 bp). The rRNA gene cluster sequence of 11863 bp was assembled from raw reads and deposited to GenBank under KT445934 accession number. The assembly was validated through in situ fluorescent hybridization analysis on chicken metaphase chromosomes using computed and synthesized specific probes, as well as through the reference assembly against de novo assembled rRNA gene cluster sequence using sequenced fragments of BAC-clone containing chicken NOR (nucleolus organizer region). The results have confirmed the chicken rRNA gene cluster validity.

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The nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene fragment 535 bp long (pos. 100 to 634) in 14 midge species (Diptera, Chironomidae): Dicrotendipes nervosus, Endochironomus albipennis, E. tendens, Glyptotendipes barbipes, G. glaucus, G. gripekoveni, G. imbecillis, G. mancunianus, Polypedilum sordens, Stenochironomus gibbus, Synendotendipes kaluginae, Xenochironomus xenolabus, Xenochironomus sp., Cricotopus glacialis, and those of the mtDNA COII gene fragment 561 bp long (pos. 22 to 583) in 3 midge species: Chironomus plumosus, Chironomus balatonicus, and Baeotendipes noctivaga were determined. The time of gene COI divergence in the phytophilous midges of various taxa was estimated. The wood-mining species Stenochironomus gibbus belongs to the most ancient midges which diverged together with the ancestor form of two subfamilies, Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, about 104 Mya. Phytophily evolved in the midge larvae at different times in different taxa: among Chironominae, about 47.2 Mya in P. sordens, not earlier than 20 Mya in Glyptotendipes, Kiefferulus, and Dicrotendipes, and not earlier than 13 Mya in Endochironomus albipennis; among Orthocladiinae, 19 Mya in Cricotopus. The divergence of the genera containing phytophilous and fouling species, both in Chironominae (Dicrotendipes, Glyptotendipes, Kiefferulus) and Orthocladiinae (Orthocladius and Cricotopus), occurred approximately 20 Mya, and coincided with the beginning of formation of the recent-type limnofaunas 23 Mya.

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Discussed suprageneric system casebearer moths from a study of the nucleotide sequence of the gene first subunit of cytochrome c oxidase (COI). Confirmed the monophyly of the family and the availability sister Coleophoridae groups – family Batracherdridae, which are discussed in the rank of individual families. The proposed scheme, in general, supports the families of moths casebearer with selected earlier suprageneric taxa domestic and foreign experts, lepidopterist [1–5] based on morphological characteristics and features of these trophic caterpillars of moths.

Elucidation of the complex origin of various chicken breeds and populations is of essential importance for understanding, preserving and exploiting their genetic diversity. Here, we aim to assess different contributions to mitochondrial genetic diversity of Pavlov chicken breed. Mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop of 1231/1232 b. p. length) in 37 chickens of Pavlov breed was sequenced. Individuals were selected from three flocks belonging to Federal State Unitary research farm “Gene Pool” (Genofond), Pushkin, Leningrad region, to the collection farm of All-Russian R D and Technology Institute of Poultry Industry (GNU VNITIP), Sergiev Posad, Moscow region, and to fancy breeders from Barnaul (Altai region). The Pavlov chicken D-loop sequences were compared with D-loop sequences annotated in GenBank for established chicken haplogroups. We have found eleven haplotypes belonging to two haplogroups (E1 and A). Genetic uniformity and stability have been shown for the GNU VNITIP and Barnaul flocks, while D-loop high polymorphism was found in the population from the research farm “Gene Pool”. There appears a tendency for genetic fragmentation of Pavlov chicken breed.

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