Oil quality and content were analyzed in 33 accessions from 13 wild species and 10 accessions of cultivated oat. Wild oat species tended to have higher oil and 18:1 fatty acid (FA) contents and lower amounts of 18:2 and 18:3 FAs as compared to cultivated oats. In addition to common FAs, minor amounts of several hydroxy and epoxy FAs were also present in the oat oil and mainly confined to specific lipid classes. These unusual FAs included the previously reported 15-hydroxy 18:2 (Delta9,12) (avenoleic acid) mostly found among polar lipids and a novel 7-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid located to 1,2-diacylglycerol. The present study highlights the potential of making use of the existing germplasm, consisting of wild oat species, in breeding programs for achieving new oat varieties that produce a range of oils with different FA compositions as well as having high oil contents. However, in one matter, oats apparently lack genetic diversity and that is for oil qualities that are highly enriched in the omega 3 (omega-3) FA 18:3. Consequently, developing oat cultivars with highly unsaturated oils will need involvement of other techniques such as biotechnology.

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The output can be accessed at: https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/item/95xzz/characterisation-of-proteolytic-enzymesof-eurygaster-integriceps-put-sunn-bug-a-major-pest-of-cereals.

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Seed metabolomic profiles have been investigated in wild and cultivated forms (cultivars) of oat (Avena L.). Seed accessions from the VIR oat collection were used for the research. Metabolomic analysis employed gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GLC-MS) using an Agilent 6850 chromatographer (USA). The analysis covered the composition and content of organic and fatty acids, amino acids, polyatomic spirits and sugars. The content fluctuation range for the studied groups of compounds was found to be narrower (significantly in some cases) in cultivars than in the wild species. Along with a sharp increase in oleic acid content, cultivars demonstrated a decrease in that of linoleic acid. The general conclusions from the comparison of seed metabolomic profiles in wild species and cultivars are presented below. A number of wild species can be recommended as a potential source of biochemical quality traits for breeding purposes. A series of metabolites (compounds), the content of which changes during domestication or which differentiate wild oat species from cultivars has been identified was found. Along with such well-known healthy food chemical factors as oleic acid, glucose and fructose, etc., differences concerning monoacylglycerol compounds (MAG 16 : 0 and MAG-2 18 : 2, etc.) have been found. The latter have been proposed to be related to the formation of adaptive traits, in particular, resistance to diseases and pests, and to environmental abiotic stresses.Key words: Avena L.; wild species; varieties, seeds; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; amelioration; adaptability and polymorphism of characters.Исследовались метаболомные спектры зерновок диких и куль ти-вируемых форм (сортов) овса (Avena L.). Материалом для изучения служили образцы семян из коллекции ВИР. Метаболомные иссле-дования (анализ метаболома) проводили методом газожидкостной хроматографии с масс-спектрометрией (ГЖХ-МС) на хроматографе Agilent 6850 (CША). Анализировали состав и содержание органи-ческих и жирных кислот, аминокислот, многоатомных спиртов и сахаров. Установлено, что у сортов по сравнению с дикими видами сузился (в ряде случаев существенно) диапазон колеба-ния значений содержания изученных групп соединений. Наряду с резким увеличением содержания олеиновой кислоты у сортов снизилось содержание линолевой кислоты. В целом сравнение метаболомных спектров зерновок диких видов и сортов позво-лило сделать следующие основные выводы. Ряд дикорастущих видов овса может быть рекомендован в качестве потенциального источника биохимических признаков качества при селекции. Выявлены метаболиты, содержание которых меняется в процессе окультуривания или по которым дикие виды овса отличаются от сортов этой культуры. Среди этих соединений наряду с такими широко известными составляющими здорового питания, как олеиновая кислота, глюкоза, фруктоза и др., выявлены моноацил-глицеролы -МАГ 16 : 0, МАГ-2 18 : 2 и др. Высказано предположение, что последние могут быть связаны с формированием признаков адаптивности, в частности с устойчивость...

Cereal crops, such as oats and barley, possess a number of valuable properties that meet the requirements for functional diet components. This review summarized the available information about bioactive compounds of oat and barley grain. The results of studying the structure and physicochemical properties of the cell wall polysaccharides of barley and oat are presented. The main components of the flavonoids formation pathway are shown and data, concerning anthocyanins biosynthesis in various barley tissues, are discussed. Moreover, we analyzed the available information about structural and regulatory genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Hordeum vulgare L. genome, including β-glucan biosynthesis genes in Avena sativa L species. However, there is not enough knowledge about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of β-glucans and corresponding enzymes and plant polyphenols. The review also covers contemporary studies about collections of oat and barley genetic resources held by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). This review intended to provide information on the processes of biosynthesis of biologically active compounds in cereals that will promote further researches devoted to transcription factors controlling expression of structural genes and their role in other physiological processes in higher plants. Found achievements will allow breeders to create new highly productive varieties with the desirable properties.

Nutrition is a source of energy, and building material for the human organism. The quality of food has an effect on the quality of individual life. Minerals and vitamins participate in various catalytic and regulatory functions of the main metabolic processes: absorption, transport, redox and biosynthesis of organic compounds, genetic information transfer, etc. Regular consumption of dietary fibers like β-glucans and oat-specific phenolics, antioxidants, and avenanthramides, stimulate innate and acquired immunity, prevent cancer, obesity, reduce glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride blood levels and regulate the expression of cholesterol-related genes. Thus, all those compounds are vitally important for the normal functional status of the human body. A deficiency in one or another essential nutrient causes disruptions in human metabolism, thus leading to serious illnesses. Plants are the main source of essential nutrients that are bioavailable for humans. One of the most popular groups of staple crops are the small grains crops (SGC), so these crops are most often used for biofortification purposes. Exploiting the potential of plant resources, biofortification is a long-term strategy, aimed at increasing the number of essential micro- and macronutrients in major food sources and ensuring their bioavailability. The most productive way to implement such strategy is the active use of the possibilities offered by collections of plant genetic resources, including SGC, concentrated in various countries of the world. The collections of plant resources contain both cultivated plants and their wild relatives that possess the required composition of micro- and macronutrients. A complex scientific approach to studying plant germplasm collections, together with agricultural practices (soil enrichment with fertilizers with a required composition), genetic biofortification (traditional breeding, marker-assisted selection or genetic engineering tactics), and their combinations will lead to the development of new biofortified cultivars and improvement of old ones, which can be used to solve the problems of unbalanced nutrition (malnutrition or hidden hunger) in different regions of the world.

The article addresses the issues of using metabolomic analysis to study genetic resources of cereal crops in order to (1) determine phylogenetic linkages between species (the degree of domestication); (2) within species to describe genetic diversity according to its responses to biotic and abiotic stressors and biochemical characteristics (chemical compounds) determining food, feed and technological quality indicators; and (3) select the most resistant and highest-quality geno-types for complex breeding use.