The aim of the study was to determine the bioavailability of minerals and oxidation-antioxidant status in the laboratory animals fed with bread from regular and bioactivated wheat grain. Material and Methods -Studies were conducted for 21 days on white inbred BALB/с mice. The animals were organized in three groups with 30 mice in each one. Group 1 (control group) was given the complete compound feed; Group 2 was fed with regular whole wheat bread; and Group 3 was given the bread from the bioactivated wheat grain. Their blood plasma was tested for total protein, cholesterol, glucose, low and high density lipoproteins, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Calcium was detected histochemically using McGee-Russell's method with Alizarin red S. Results -It was established that the levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and lipids in the blood plasma of animals in all groups were within the physiological norms. There were no significant reliable deviations in the levels of mineral substances in the blood plasma of the animals in the study groups. However, the histochemical response of the bone tissue calcium to the Alizarin red S revealed significant differences in its content in the tissues between the animals of the three groups. At the 21 st day of the experiment, the maximum light absorption of the colored specimen was observed in Group 3 which indicated higher calcium content in the bone tissue of the animals fed with the bread from the bioactivated wheat grain. The oxidation-antioxidant status of the animals in Groups 2 and 3 was higher than that of the control group. On the 21 st day of the experiment, MDA content in the blood plasma of the animals in Group 3 was 0.04±0.017 mmol/L which is 2.0 and 1.5 times less as compared to Groups 1 and 2 respectively. The activity of SOD in the blood plasma on the 21 st day of the experiment was the highest in Group 3 animals. Conclusion -The experiment on the laboratory mice has shown that the use of the bread from the bioactivated wheat grain makes it possible to improve the bioavailability of minerals and increase the antioxidant activity of blood plasma.

Introduction. Various formulations of sprouted grain breads, including those with amaranth flour, were developed to combat food-related diseases. Healthy food industry requires thorough assessment procedures and hygienic practices. The research objective was to assess the functional properties and safety indicators of amaranth bread made from sprouted wheat grain. Study objects and methods. One day old grain bread was tested for antioxidant activity using amperometric method. Its glycemic index was determined according to the ratio of the area under the glycemic curve per bread sample to the area under the glycemic curve for pure glucose, expressed as a percentage. Crumb proteins digestibility was measured in vivo using ciliates Paramecium caudatum. Phytin content was measured by the colorimetric method, while safety indicators were compared to the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union No. 021/2011. Bound moisture content was determined with a refractometer after three days of storage according to the change in sucrose concentration. The number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (NMAFAnM) was described based on State Standard 10444.15-94. Results and discussion. The amaranth flour slightly affected the antioxidant activity of the grain bread. It decreased the glycemic index by 8.3% and increased the microbiological purity by 1.4 times, raised the crumb proteins digestibility by 3.0%, reduced the phytin content by 7.0%, and slowed down the staleness process by 12 h. In terms of safety indicators, the obtained sample of amaranth grain bread met the TR CU 021/2011 requirements “On food safety”. The decrease in the glycemic index values could be explained by the lower activity of amylolytic enzymes in amaranth flour compared to sprouted wheat. The low digestibility of carbohydrates resulted from their effect on starch. The increase in digestibility and the decrease in phytin content were caused by the lower amount of dietary fiber. The high content of bound moisture explains the longer shelf life. Amaranth flour had lower microbiological contamination compared to wheat, which decreased the NMAFAnM. Conclusion. Amaranth flour had a positive effect on the functional properties of grain bread safety indicators, which makes it possible to include it into sprouted wheat grain products.

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An analysis of the information contained in the scientific and technical literature shows the potential for the application of Paramecium caudatum culture to the first stage of pre-clinical evaluation of new sources of biologically active substances, functional ingredients and food products. The purpose of the work is to investigate the possibility of estimating the energy costs for digestibility of amaranth flour in a model experiment using Paramecium caudatum ciliates. The objects of the study were two samples of amaranth flour–from native amaranth grain of the Voronezh variety and from grain subjected to preliminary heat treatment (IR heating to a temperature of 100–150 °C for 30-50 sec). Experimental data have been obtained confirming the possibility of using test organism data in the pre-clinical evaluation of food and products: the control of the population size of Paramecium caudatum provides initial data for calculating such important indicators as biotic potential and standardized relative biological value, allowing for an indirect assessment of the energy costs of digesting a prototype (food raw materials or product) in comparison with the reference object. A comprehensive analysis of the experimental data obtained also leads to the conclusion that living systems can function with the use of the test samples. It has been established that the scope of the Paramecium caudatum test object in the preclinical evaluation of food raw materials and products can be expanded in the direction of estimating the energy costs of digesting food raw materials or products.

The intensive development of the industrial sector, intensification of the agro-industrial complex, associated with the use of various fertilizers, active use of modern household chemicals lead to the constant increase in xenobiotics in the environment in both rural and urban agglomerations. There are settlements and farms within the industrial areas, therefore, the issue of accumulation of ecotoxicants in the organs and tissues of an animal, as well as the impact on the state of its health, is of particular importance. In the regions with tough environmental situation associated with anthropogenic contamination, xenobiotics of anthropogenic origin can directly or indirectly modify the activity of various body systems. The integral characteristic that reflects adaptive modifications of biota is the morphological and functional status of organs and tissues of an animal, including the state of muscle tissue. An analysis of the regenerative plastic potential of muscle tissue allows finding innovative approaches to assessing the effects of environmental impacts on animals. Up to the present day, the morphological and functional characteristics of muscle tissue in young animals and adult cattle have not been sufficiently studied in the conditions of the tough environmental situation of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The issue of ecological pathologies of organs in productive animals is quite urgent for the territory of the Central Federal District with its developed agro-industrial complex and industry. The study of animals from the agglomeration of the large chemical plant showed that cattle react differently to pollutants. The animals demonstrated changes not only in hematological and biochemical parameters, but also in the morphological and functional status of muscle tissue.

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A biogenic stimulant (Patent RU 2648466) was used as a study subject. Comparison objects are Ligfolum and Spleninum. Nonspecific resistance of experimental animals was estimated with the use of some leucocytal indices: the Krebs index (KI), leucocytal index of intoxication (LII), white blood cells dislocation index (WBCDI) -according to Jabluchanskij A.A., leukocytal index (LI). It was established that induced stress influenced directly by the number of leucocytes. Induced stress also had an impact on the blood leucogram of the animals undergoing the stress and taking part in the experiment. Leucocytal indices were figured out for animals' complex immunological status in dedication of the stress condition and immunomodulators application. Krebs index, which is the ratio between neutrophilic leucocyte and lymphocyte cells, characterizes indirectly an activity level of phagocytal reactions and non-specific immune system factors, as well as their involvement in general organism reactivity support. A ratio of the neutrophilic leucocyte level and the amount of lymphocyte cells, monocytes and eosinophils characterize Leucocytal index of intoxication (LII), characterize the activity level of phagocytosis and neutrophilic leucocyte proliferation. During the experiment, white blood cells dislocation index (WBCDI) characterizes the ratio between granular leucocyte and agranular leukocyte. The ratio between lymphocytes and neutrophils is described by leukocytal index (LI), which characterizes the ratio between humoral and cellulated elements of the experimental animals' immune system. Relations between the affecter and effector elements of the immunological process are characterized by lymphocytes and monocytes ratio index (LMRI), which describes the balance between lymphocytes and monocytes.

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