Using titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and its modified forms for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 reduction and production of hydrogen is a promising route for providing solutions to the world energy demand in the foreseeable future. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of efficient stable TiO 2 nanoparticles modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via a simple combined sonothermal method, followed by a hydrothermal treatment. In comparison to bare TiO 2 , the synthesized CNT−TiO 2 photocatalysts showed improved photocatalytic activities for CO 2 reduction under UVA as well as under visible light and water (H 2 O) splitting under visible light at ambient temperature and pressure. The 2.0CNT−TiO 2 has performed the best for methanol, hydrogen, and formic acid production from the reduction of CO 2 with yield rates of 2360.0, 3246.1, and 68.5 μmol g −1 h −1 under UVA, respectively. Its potential was further tested under visible light for methanol production, 1520.0 μmol g −1 h −1 . Also, the highest rate of hydrogen yield from water splitting was 69.41 μmol g −1 h −1 with 2.0CNT−TiO 2 under visible light at pH 2. The primary photocatalytic reactions of CNT−TiO 2 composites and their intimate structure were studied computationally. It was demonstrated that the binding of CNT to TiO 2 nanoparticles is preferable at (101) surfaces than at (001) facets. Interaction of CNT with TiO 2 results in common orbitals within the TiO 2 band gap that enables visible light excitation of the CNT−TiO 2 composites can lead to charge transfer between TiO 2 and CNT, whereas UV light excitation can result in charge transfer in any direction from CNT to TiO 2 and from TiO 2 to CNT. The latter process is operative in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor triethanolamine.
Congenital hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland is the most common MR imaging finding in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Our findings suggest a crucial role for PROP1 in pituitary organogenesis as well as anterior pituitary cell differentiation.
Surface chemistry plays a major role in photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical processes taking place with the participation of TiO2. The synthesis methods, surface characterizations, theoretical research methods, and hardware over the last decade generated opportunities for progress in the surface science of this photocatalyst. Very recently, attention was paid to the design of photocatalysts at the nanoscale level by adjusting the types of exposed surfaces and their ratio, the composition and the surface structure of nanoparticles, and that of individual surfaces. The current theoretical methods provide highly detailed designs that can be embodied experimentally. The present review article describes the progress in the surface science of TiO2 and TiO2-based photocatalysts obtained over the last three years. Such aspects including the properties of macro- and nano-scale surfaces, noble-metal-loaded surfaces, doping with Mg and S, intrinsic defects (oxygen vacancies), adsorption, and photoreactions are considered. The main focus of the article is on the anatase phase of TiO2.
Background Previous anatomic studies have provided valuable information on the two-dimensional (2-D) course of the angular segment of the facial artery in the midface and its arterial connections. The third dimension (ie, the depth of the artery) is less well characterized. Objective The objective of the present study is to describe the three-dimensional (3-D) pathway of the angular segment of the facial artery and its relationship to the muscles of facial expression. Methods The bilateral location and the depth of the midfacial segment of the facial artery was measured using multi-planar computed tomographic (CT) image analyses obtained from contrast agent enhanced cranial CT scans of 156 Caucasians with a mean age of 45.19 ± 18.7 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 25.05 ± 4.9 kg/m2. Results At the nasal ala, the mean depth of the main arterial trunk was 13.7 ± 3.7 mm (range, 2.7-25.0 mm) whereas at the medial canthus it was 1.02 ± 0.62 mm (range, 1.0-3.0 mm). This was reflected by the arteries’ relationship to the midfacial muscles: at the nasal ala superficial to LAO in 62.0% but deep to the LLSAN in 53.6%; at the medial canthus superficial to the LLSAN in 83.1% and superficial to the OOM in 82.7%. Conclusion The results presented herein confirm the high variability in the course of the angular segment of the facial artery. Various arterial pathways have been identified providing evidence that, in the midface, there is no guaranteed safe location for minimally invasive procedures.
Incidentalomas are the most common neoplasms in the hypothalamic-pituitary region. Diagnostics, treatment strategy, and indications for the surgical intervention on the patients with these tumours pose a serious challenge for a wide circle of specialists. The diagnostic problems arise from the absence of the specific clinical signs and symptoms as well as the reliable biochemical markers of the disease. The modern laboratory methods do not allow to reveal the pathological hormonal secretion during the diagnostic study, predisposition of the neoplasm to the invasive and infiltrative growth, and signs of its «aggressiveness». This considerably complicates the choice of the optimal surgical strategy and the evaluation of the long-term results of the treatment. Bearing in mind the importance of the problem under consideration, the working group was set up for the development of federal recommendations on the treatment of pituitary incidentalomas based on the principles of evidence-based medicine. The experience accumulated by the domestic and international experts was summarized in the federal clinical guidelines on pituitary incidentalomas containing the available information about these neoplasms.
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