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This paper continues consideration of the spores of three paleotropical fern genera – Taenitis, Syngramma, and Austrogramme (Pteridoideae, Pteridaceae) from South-Eastern Asia and Oceania. At the second stage, we carried out a comparative scanning electron microscopy study of spores of three species of Austrogramme, four species of Syngramma, and six species of Taenitis and added information about previously studied spores of seven species of these genera. Spores of all examined species are trilete, tetrahedral or tetrahedral-globose with convex to hemispherical distal side and plane, convex or conical proximal side. The spores of Austrogramme species are the smallest, simplest in ornamentation and similar to each other. Sculpture of the proximal and distal sides are microverrucate, the surface of the spores is covered by granular deposits. Spores of most Syngrammaspecies are very similar to spores of Austrogramme species in shape and surface sculpture: their distal and proximal surfaces are microverrucate, whereas the spores of S. borneensis and S. cartilagidens have the low-tuberculate sculpture. Spores of Taenitis species are very different from the spores of Austrogramme and Syngramma. Seven of nine studied species have spores with well-expressed cingulum (T. blechnoides, T. cordata, T. diversifolia, T. interrupta, T. luzonica, T. obtusa, and T. requiniana), three species (T. cordata, T. hookeri, and T. pinnata) have spores with prominent laesural ridges. The spores have well-expressed ornamentation – tuberculate, baculate, rugate, tuberculate-rugate. The most conspicuous character of the ornamentation of spore surfaces is the presence of rodlets associated with sculpture elements. The densest rodlets are characteristic of Taenitis diversifolia, T. luzonica, T. obtusa, and T. requiniana. Spore size (equatorial diameter) ranges on average between 22 μm and 37 μm in Austrogramme, between 27 μm and 41 μm in Syngramma, and between 26 and 51 μm in Taenitis species.

This research is the first comprehensive analysis of the intrageneric relationships of Actiniopteris and Onychium based on original data including spore morphology, phylogeny and phylogeography. Actiniopteris and Onychium are members of the large subfamily Pteridoideae of the family Pteridaceae. The Pteridaceae family is considered one of the most taxonomically confusing families due to its representatives high level of polymorphism.         We used an interdisciplinary approach to study the “Onychium clade”: 13 taxa were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the morphology and morphometry of spores; 14 taxa were studied from a phylogenetic perspective, including character evolution and ancestral character state reconstructions; 15 taxa of “Onychium clade” were studied using herbarium data (B, P, PE, LE, VLA, TI, KYO, ALTB and TK) according to global botanical and geographical zones.                As a result of this integrated analysis, we established a deep divergence of the taxa O. tenuifrons and O. siliculosum from the main composition of the genus Onychium and the division the genus Actiniopteris into two clades: A. radiata–A. semiflabellata and A. australis–A. dimorpha. We found that representatives of Actiniopteris and Onychium had originated in a common African-Indo-Malesian area. The “Onychium clade” center of diversity is the Indian Region, which is experiencing high levels of human impact, leading to disjunctions among the studied taxa.

Using the method of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), a comparative study of twelve representatives of subfamily Cryptogrammoideae S.Linds. family Pteridaceae E.D.M.Kirchn. was carried out. A comparative study of morphological characters of investigated spores has revealed characters that allow considering the relatedness of the studied species to one subfamilyCryptogrammoideae. These characters include: spore form is roundish-triangular, lociniate in proximal-polar and distal-polar positions; spore contour is low-crenate to smooth; distal side of the spore in an equatorial position is convex; rays of laesura are straight, raised over a sporoderm surface; exosporium is clearly defined from fine-granulate to verrucate. Vaganov, A.V. (2016). A comparative study of spore morphology of the subfamily Cryptogrammoideae genera. Biological Citation:

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to perform a comparative study for four representatives of the subfamily Ceratopteridoideae (J. Sm.) R.M. Tryon from East Asia: Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn., C. pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron., Acrostichum aureum Linn., and A. speciosum Willd. The analysis of the external morphology of the representatives of Ceratopteridoideae revealed a strong difference between Ceratopteris and Acrostichum. The external morphology of spores of Ceratopteris and Acrostichum exhibited the features characterizing the family Pteridaceae as a whole: tetrahedral spores with a three-ray laesure, from triangular-roundish to roundish, distinct exosporium with a pronounced surface ornamentation and absence of perisporium, the exosporium surface varying from smooth and rough to that covered with large tubercles and roller-like bulges.The external morphology of spores of Acrostichum is quite simple, although among other representatives of the family Pteridaceae, the spores of Ceratopteris have distinctive features: very large equatorial diameter (106-124 µm); spores are almost roundish; distinct cylindrical folds running parallel to the corners of the spore across its extensive distal surface.

Проведен анализ относительного содержания ДНК образцов Selaginella borealis и Selaginella sanguinolenta из различных регионов. Выявлен высокий полиморфизм в относительном содержании ДНК, который связан видимо с различиями в основном хромосомном числе между различными популяциями. Также выявлено одно полиплоидное растение.

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Summary. The ultrastructure of the spore surface of Onychium ipii Ching (Pteridoideae, Pteridaceae) was investigated by using of scanning electron microscopy. Spores of Onychium ipii are trilete, tetrahedral, with hemispherical distal side and convex proximal one. Equatorial diameter 42.4-48.1 μm, polar axis 35.7-40.6 μm. Distal and proximal sides are separated by an equatorial flange, which protrudes on 4.3-4.8 μm all around the spore. Tubercles of different size form the interrupt "laesura lips" situated on both sides of laesura arms. Proximal side of spore with three stright ridges 3.1-4.5 μm width arranged parallel to spore margins and formed triangle in outline. университет, пр. Ленина, 36, г. Томск, 634050, Россия. E-mail: gureyeva@yandex.ru Ключевые слова: морфология спор, сканирующая электронная микроскопия (СЭМ), Onychium ipii, Pteridaceae, Pteridoideae. Морфология спор Onychium ipiiАннотация. Методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии проведено сравнительное исследование морфологии спор Onychium ipii Ching. Выявлены основные признаки, характерные для спор вида. Споры трехлучевые, тетраэдрические, в проксимально-полярном и дистально-полярном положениях треугольно-округлые, стороны споры слегка выпуклые. В экваториальном положении проксимальная сторона выпуклая, дистальная -полусферическая. Экваториальный диаметр 42,4-48,1 мкм, полярная ось 35,7-40,6 мкм. Прокси-мальная и дистальная стороны разделяются хорошо выраженной экваториальной складкой 4,3-4,8 мкм шир., с выемками в углах споры. Лучи лезуры прямые, с расположенными в ряд по обеим сторонам каждого луча дис-кретными бугорками разного размера. Дистальная сторона споры извилисто-складчатая, с редкими неболь-шими ареолами. Близ экваториальной складки бугорки и складки дистальной стороны сливаются в сплошную складку, располагающуюся вокруг споры параллельно экваториальной. Проксимальная сторона с тремя пря-Turczaninowia 20 (2): 56-63 (2017)