ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ äàííûå ïî èññëåäîâàíèþ ðåaeèìîâ ðàáîòû åìêîñòíûõ íàêîïèòåëåé ýíåðãèè (ÍÝ) â ñèñòåìàõ ïóñêà ñîâðåìåííîãî àâòîìîáèëüíîãî äâèãàòåëÿ. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå çàâèñèìîñòè îñíîâíûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñèñòåì ýëåêòðîñòàðòåðíîãî ïóñêà (ÑÝÏ) ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ÍÝ. Ïðè ñðàâíèòåëüíîì àíàëèçå àëüòåðíàòèâíûõ íàêîïèòåëåé ýíåðãèè áûëî âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî ëó÷øèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ïî óäåëüíîé ìîùíîñòè îáëàäàþò ÍÝ, ÷òî äîñòèãàåòñÿ áëàãîäàðÿ ìåíüøåìó âíóòðåííåìó ñîïðîòèâëåíèþ. Íàêîïëåííóþ ýíåðãèþ ÍÝ ñïîñîáíû áûñòðî îòäàâàòü è íàêàïëèâàòü. Âðåìÿ ðàçðÿäà è çàðÿäà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïîòðåáèòåëÿìè ýëåêòðîýíåðãèè è ïàðàìåòðàìè çàðÿäíîé öåïè ÍÝ. Ïðîâåäåíû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÍÝ â ÑÝÏ äëÿ àâòîìîáèëüíûõ äâèãàòåëåé âíóòðåííåãî ñãîðàíèÿ (ÄÂÑ), êîãäà âìåñòî øòàòíîé àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè (ÀÁ) ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ÀÁ ìåíüøåé åìêîñòè, à â îñòàâøåéñÿ ÷àñòè îáúåìà ÀÁ ðàçìåùàåòñÿ ÍÝ. Ïðè âûñîêèõ óäåëüíûõ ïîêàçàòåëÿõ ÍÝ ìîaeåò áûòü ïîâûøåíà íàäåaeíîñòü ïóñêà ïðè òîì aeå ñóììàðíîì îáúåìå è ìàññå ÑÝÏ â óñëîâèÿõ íèçêèõ òåìïåðàòóð. Ïðîâåäåííûå òåîðåòè÷åñêèå è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîçâîëèëè ïîëó-÷èòü çàâèñèìîñòè ìãíîâåííûõ è ñðåäíèõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ÑÝÏ îò âðåìåíè ïðîêðó÷èâàíèÿ äâèãàòåëÿ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ òðåáóåìàÿ åìêîñòü ÍÝ è åãî âíóòðåííåå ñîïðîòèâëåíèå, íà÷àëüíàÿ ýíåðãèÿ ÍÝ, à òàêaeå íåîáõîäèìûå îáúåì è ìàññà ÍÝ. Îáúåì è ìàññà ÀÁ ìîãóò áûòü îïðåäåëåíû èç ñïðàâî÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðû èëè ïî èçâåñòíûì ìåòîäèêàì ïî óäåëüíûì ýíåðãèÿì ÀÁ ïî îáúåìó è ìàññå. Íà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ çàâèñèìîñòÿõ áûëî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî âðåìÿ ïðèêðó÷èâàíèÿ êîëåí÷àòîãî âàëà, ÷èñëî ðàáî÷èõ õîäîâ è óãîë ïîâîðîòà êîëåí÷àòîãî âàëà äî ïîëíîé îñòàíîâêè Nðõ çàâèñÿò îò åìêîñòè è íàïðÿaeåíèÿ çàðÿäà ÍÝ. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â ëàáîðàòîðèè õîëîäíîãî ïóñêà ÔÃÓÏ «Íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûé èíñòèòóò àâòîìîáèëüíîé ýëåêòðîíèêè è ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèÿ» ñîâìåñòíî ñ êàôåäðîé «Ýëåêòðîîáîðóäîâàíèå è ïðîìûøëåííàÿ ýëåêòðîíèêà» ÔÃÁÎÓ ÂÎ «Ìîñêîâñêèè ïîëèòåõíè÷åñêèè óíèâåðñèòåò», ãäå áûëà ïðîâåäåíà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ îöåíêà âîçìîaeíîñòè ïóñêà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ áåíçèíîâûõ äâèãàòåëåé ïðè íèçêèõ òåìïåðàòóðàõ ÑÝÏ ñ ÍÝ âûñîêîãî íàïðÿaeåíèÿ (êîíäåíñàòîðû ñ íàïðÿaeåíèåì 200-290 Â) è íèçêîâîëüòíûõ ÍÝ ñ íàïðÿaeåíèåì 12-16 Â. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: åìêîñòíûé íàêîïèòåëü ýíåðãèè, àêêóìóëÿòîðíàÿ áàòàðåÿ, äâèãàòåëü âíóòðåííåãî ñãîðàíèÿ, ñèñòåìû ýëåêòðîñòàðòåðíîãî ïóñêà, åâðåìÿ ïðîêðó÷èâàíèÿ êîëåí÷àòîãî âàëà.
 ñòàòüå ðàññìîòðåí ïðèíöèï ðàáîòû àäàïòåðà äëÿ âûðàâíèâàíèÿ íàïðÿaeåíèé (ïàññèâíîãî ìåòîäà) äëÿ Li-Ion àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè, ñìîäåëèðîâàííîãî â ïðîãðàììå Simulink, ïðèâåäåíû õàðàêòåðèñòèêè óñòðîéñòâà, ïîëó÷åííûå â ðåçóëüòàòå ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ, à òàêaeå ïðåäñòàâëåí ñïîñîá çàäàíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ ÿ÷ååê áàòàðåè ñ ðàñ÷åòíûìè êîýôôèöèåíòàìè. Ðàññìîòðåíû äâà ìåòîäà âûðàâíèâàíèÿ íàïðÿaeåíèÿ íà ÿ÷åéêàõ àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè. Ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ýòèõ ìåòîäîâ, âûÿâëåíû èõ ïðåèìóùåñòâà è íåäîñòàòêè. Ðàçðàáîòàíà ìîäåëü àäàïòåðà íàïðÿaeåíèé ïàññèâíûì ìåòîäîì â ïðîãðàììå Simulink ñ Li-Ion àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðååé, ñîñòîÿùåé èç 4-õ ÿ÷ååê. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû íàçíà÷åíèÿ è çàäà÷è òðåáóåìûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ñ ïîäðîáíûì îïèñàíèåì çàêëàäîê. Îïðåäåëåíû ðàçðÿäíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ðàáîòû öåïåé çàðÿäà-ðàçðÿäà àêêóìóëÿòîðíûõ áàòàðåé ïîä óïðàâëåíèåì ñèëîâûõ êëþ÷åé ñ îïèñàíèåì ïîäñèñòåì. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû àëãîðèòìû ðàáîòû ïÿòè ïîäñèñòåì ìîäåëè, óïðàâëÿþùèõ çàðÿäîì è ðàçðÿäîì áàòàðåè. Ðàçðàáîòàíà ëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñõåìà, îïðåäåëÿþùàÿ óñëîâèÿ íà÷àëà è îêîí÷àíèÿ ðàáîòû àäàïòåðà, îòâå÷àþùàÿ çà åãî ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå, ïðèâîäèòñÿ åå îïèñàíèå. Ïðè äîñòèaeåíèè îäíîé èç ÿ÷ååê áàòàðåè ñðåäíåãî óðîâíÿ íàïðÿaeåíèÿ, øóíòèðóþùèé åå ðåçèñòîð îòêëþ÷àåòñÿ.  ðåçóëüòàòå íàïðÿaeåíèå âîçðàñòåò è êîãäà ñíîâà ïðåâûñèò ñðåäíèé óðîâåíü, øóíòèðóþùèé ðåçèñòîð ñíîâà ïîäêëþ÷èòñÿ. Äàëåå öèêë ïîâòîðèòñÿ. Àäàïòåð íàïðÿaeåíèÿ âêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ìîìåíò íà÷àëà ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ è ðàáîòàåò íåñêîëüêî öèêëîâ.  ðåçóëüòàòå ðàáîòû àäàïòåðà ðàçáðîñ âûõîäíûõ íàïðÿaeåíèé ÿ÷ååê ñíèaeåòñÿ è óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ äëèòåëüíîñòü èõ ðàçðÿäà. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû îñöèëëîãðàììû çíà÷åíèÿ íàïðÿaeåíèé è òîêîâ â öåïè àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè, ïîëó÷åííûå â ðåçóëüòàòå ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ. Ðàçðàáîòàííûé àäàïòåð ïîçâîëÿåò â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ñíèçèòü ðàçáðîñ ñòåïåíè çàðÿäà íà ÿ÷åéêàõ àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè (ñ 45 % äî 0,2 %) ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíîì óâåëè÷åíèè ðàçðÿäà (ñ 27 ìèíóò äî 57 ìèíóò). Ïðåäñòàâëåííûå ðåçóëüòàòû ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ãîâîðÿò î äîñòàòî÷íîé ñõîäèìîñòè ïàðàìåòðîâ ðåàëüíûõ àêêóìóëÿòîðíûõ ÿ÷ååê è èõ ìîäåëåé â Simulink. Íà îñíîâàíèè ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ áûëè ñôîðìóëèðîâàíû òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ïàññèâíîìó àäàïòåðó íàïðÿaeåíèé. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àäàïòåð íàïðÿaeåíèé àêêóìóëÿòîðíîé áàòàðåè, âûðàâíèâàþùèå ðåçèñòîðû, ëèòèé-èîííàÿ áàòàðåÿ, ìîäåëü Simulink, çàðÿäíûå/ðàçðÿäíûå êðèâûå.
A study of the application of a graphene-based cooling system for a personal electronic computer (PC) is presented. The features of using monocrystalline and polycrystalline graphene in practice are analyzed. A comparison is made with the materials currently used in the cooling systems of a PC. The heat flux densities are calculated as a function of the temperature between the copper plate and the water adsorbate and between the two layers of polycrystalline graphene and water adsorbate. The prospects for the use of graphene in cooling systems of PCs are outlined.
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