The article assumes that in the Sverdlovsk region, breeding bulls of the Holstein breed with high efficiency according to their maternal ancestors were used on the breeding stock of the black-mottled breed of the Ural spawn. Animals of this type are of high efficiency. The efficiency evaluation of Ural type cows is urgent. The aim of the work is to evaluate the efficiency of the new genotype cows in terms of their milk yield qualities. It has been found that dairy cows show high milk yields. In accordance with physiological laws, they increase until the fourth lactation, and then gradually go down. The first insemination of replacement heifers on the farm is carried out at the age of 18-19 months with a live weight of over 400 kg. This makes it possible to breed healthy strong animals capable of breeding for a long time and having high milk yield. The maximum milk yield is from 21 kg to 1986 kg (from 0.2% to 35.3%); it is more than the actual one. The farm has reserves for increasing milk yield due to measures for the milk efficiency of the first-year heifers and other cows. It will significantly increase the milk yield in the third and further lactation. The authors calculated the life-long milk yield. It turned out that in fact, 84,450 kg of milk can be obtained from a dairy cow during 10 lactations. The efficiency potential of lifetime productivity, based on the maximum milk yield per lactation, was 7077 kg or 8.4% higher. The predicted potential shows that 104 101 kg of milk can be obtained from a dairy cow during 11 lactations. The efficiency fluctuations by lactation are significant; and from the first to the 5th lactation they exceed 150% of the minimum milk yield of dairy cows to the maximum in the same lactation. So, it is possible to make a conclusion about the great changeability of this feature in the herd and the great possibilities of selection at carrying out selection and breeding work on the farm.
For production of milk the breeds of highly productive dairy cows of domestic and foreign selection are used. These breeds include the Black-and-white mottled breed, which makes up more than 51% of the total cattle herd in Russian Federation, and the Holstein breed, which share is more than 15% and is constantly increasing. It has been established that cows with different kappa-casein genotypes differ in usability of their milk for cheese production. The research of influence of kappa-casein genotype on milk yield capabilities of cows and the reasons for culling of cows is relevant and of interest nowadays. The biggest share of the herd consists of cows with AA genotype, and the least share, 3.8%, consists of the most favorable BB genotype cows. These cows feature higher milk yield. Though there was no significant difference between the milk yield of cows with genotype BB and genotypes AA and AB, but a tendency for BB genotype superiority was clearly observed. The higher milk yield determines a higher yield of nutrients with milk. The group with the AB kappa-casein genotype accounted for a greater share of culled cows in the first lactation period. The lower rejection rate was recorded in the group of BB genotype cows.
Pig breeding is one of the leading agricultural sectors that ensures the country’s food safety. In this regard, pig breeding must become a highly profitable branch of the agro-industrial complex due to growth of range of production performance indicators. Various feed additives are the reserve for increasing the productivity of the animals. The most popular feed supplements used today are probiotics and phytobiotics. Modern probiotic preparations are a complex (symbiotic additives) consisting of various strains of bacteria with addition of enzymes, prebiotics, chelating elements, amino acids and biologically active components. The article provides data on use of the probiotic preparation “Profort” and the phytobiotic “Intebio” in feeding of sows in farrow and nursing sows. According to the results of scientific and economic experience it was found that feed additives increased the following indicators: prolificacy — by 1.9–2.9%, size of the young piglets — by 10.4–12.3%, number of mature piglets in the litter — by 10.8–11.8%, rate of survival of the young piglets — by 4.0–6.1%, weight of the piglets litter by the moment of weaning — by 18.0–22.2%. The use of the preparations led to decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of liveweight gain and increased revenue obtained from the sale of the young livestock.
Abstract. Purpose. Study of the reasons for culling cows from the herd depending on belonging to Holstein lines. Methods. Materials of breeding and zootechnical accounting of the Selex database and breeding cards of cows were used for research. Results. The farm breeds animals that belong to the following genealogical lines: Vis Back Idial 1013485, Reflection Sovering 198998, Montwick Chieftain 95679, Pabst Governor 882933 and Annas Adema 30587. The cull was 92 heads or 14.3 %, including lines: 21, 33, 25, 6, 7 heads or 10,0; 18.9; 12.3; 15.8; 41.2 % accordingly. Analysis of the reasons for culling by groups of cows of different lines showed that among the culled cows of the Vis Back Idial line 1013485 there were more than in other groups with pathology of the musculoskeletal system – 37.5 %; the Reflection Sovering line 198998 – accidents and injuries – 34.6 %; in the group of cows of the Montwick Chieftain line 95679, a significant number of cases of breast pathology – 27.2 % and in general, the main reasons for culling on the farm are injuries and surgical diseases – 33.7 %; pathology of the breast – 21.7 % and pathology of the reproductive system and barrenness – on 16.3 %. Despite the fact that the farm has created quite good conditions for ensuring the normal life of cows, including a balanced feeding diet, which is indicated by a low percentage of culls associated with metabolic pathology, cases of poisoning were detected – 8.7 %. Existing violations of the content are confirmed by a significant number of injuries, accidents, and limb diseases. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the influence of origin (belonging to the line) on the level of culling of breeding stock for one reason or another has been proved, which allows through breeding work to have a positive impact on increasing the duration of productive use.
Occasional use of the probiotics Levisel SB Plus and Tsellobacterin – T in a dose 0.50 kg/t of the mixed fodder in a diet of the laying hens at the age 21-26, 34-39 и 45-48 weeks has increased metabolic processes in the body of a bird and productivity of the laying hens in a group with Levisel SB Plus by 10.6 %, with a dash Tsellobacterin – T – by 16.1 %, but it did not affect the weight of the egg during all periods of the productive cycle. The egg incubation results showed that probiotice Levisel SB Plus increased egg hatability by 4.1%, Tsellobacterin-T by 6.2%, their fertilization by 2.1 and 4.2%, the withdrawal of young chickens by 3.5% and 5.1%. The addition of probiotics did not change the hatchability of eggs (93.22 and 93.17%) in these groups, but reduced the amount of unfertilized eggs by 1.8 and 10.3%. There was a higher content of carotenoids and vitamin A in the eggs of the laying hens and in the body of daily chickens. Using the probiotics in the diet of laying hens of the parent herd has reduced the cost of feeding for 10 eggs by 8.2-8.5% , with a dash of Levisel SB Plus by 15,0-15,4%, with a dash of Tsellobacterin – T to the weight of the egg by 1,8-9,7% and 15.3-15.5% respectively. At the same time, the payment of food products increased in the group using Levisel SB Plus by 10.3-10.7%, with Tsellobacterine - T by 20.9- 21.7%, the profitability of production increased by 13.1 and 22.3%.
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