OBJECTIVE: Chronic lead (Pb) exposure affects the developing central nervous system, whereas Tanshinone IIA (TSA) improves cognitive defi cits. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the effects of TSA against lead-induced neurotoxicity in a rat pup model. A total of thirty two healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: lead-treated group, lead plus TSA-treated 1 group, lead plus TSA-treated 2 group, and controls. After a 4-week lead exposure, memory function was determined using Morris water maze and the concentration of lead was measured in blood. Total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activities were determined in hippocampus samples. RESULTS: Lead exposure causes decrease of body weight; increase of the blood lead concentration; decrease of antioxidant activities and BDNF content. However, co-administration of TSA with lead ameliorated the weight loss. Furthermore, TSA inhibited neurotoxicity as evidenced by decreased latency period and increase in percentage of time spent in the target quadrant. Administration of TSA also improved antioxidant activities by increased T-SOD, GSH, and decreased MDA activities compared to lead-treated group. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of that TSA has a neuroprotective effect against lead-induced cognitive defi cit by enhancing antioxidant activities in the brain (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 27). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.
Chironomids are a globally distributed family of insects that can serve as biological indicators of environmental pollution. Substituted benzenes are a group of serious environmental pollutants and severely threaten biological and human health. In order to investigate potential stress biomarkers of substituted benzenes, the effects of 4-chlorophenol and p-phenylene diamine on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of 4th-instar larval Propsilocerus akamusi were investigated. During 48 h exposure to 4-chlorophenol and p-phenylene diamine, the larval CAT, SOD, GST and CarE activities responded to 4-chlorophenol and p-phenylene diamine in a concentrationand time-dependent way. The ACP and ALP activities of larval P. akamusi responded slowly to 4-chlorophenol and p-phenylene diamine, and only the ALP activities were inhibited significantly under the exposure to p-phenylene diamine for 6 and 24 h. These results suggest that CAT, SOD, GST and CarE activities of chironomids can be used as potential stress biomarkers to monitor 4-chlorophenol and p-phenylene diamine pollution.
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