Worldwide, many different actions have been taken by local and national governments to control the spread of COVID-19. The impact of these measures can be seen in different areas, especially in passenger transport and travel behaviour. This study examines the changes that have occurred in travel behaviour, using the example of the capital city of Warsaw, Poland, in relation to measures undertaken to control the spread of COVID-19 and the sense of safety among passengers that was supposed to be provided by public transport organisers. Data were collected through an online survey questionnaire that included questions about past (before COVID-19) and present (during COVID-19) travel behaviour, mode choice and the frequency of trips by public transport users in Warsaw. The results showed significant changes in mobility and travel behaviour along with most common threats seen by public transport users. There was a major shift from public to individual modes of transport in the city area. The outcomes of this study could play a significant role in transport planning in the case of any other situation that affects public transport on such a level as the COVID-19 pandemic has. In particular, local and national authorities could use this knowledge for better planning for any type of lockdowns.
Dynamically developing ICT technologies have become a tool to accelerate the creation of information societies around the world. Thanks to it, many traditional services have found a new digital space to function and thus achieve a global dimension. One example can be virtual museums, which provide access to their resources for every interested person having Internet connection. There is no doubt that the most spectacular and effective representation of digital museums are virtual walks, bringing, apart from cognitive aspects and good entertainment. In the era of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and international quarantine which limits mobility, e-services gave humanity the opportunity and a substitute for normal existence. The interest in e-services has increased, which has been directly translated into increased informational awareness. Favourable conditions as well as relatively low costs and technical complexity of creating virtual walks have led the authors to adopt the following hypothesis: during the period of the quarantine caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, museums are actively and dynamically developing virtual walks services. In the presented article, on the basis of research and analysis, the authors will test the hypothesis, as well as asses the level of virtual walks around monuments and museum centres in Poland.
The article concerns the verification of links between the energy intensity of public urban transport, regional economic development and urbanisation in the light of sustainable development challenges and club convergence processes. Three research questions were formulated in the article: (1) Does the regional economic development of voivodeships affect the energy intensity of public urban transport? (2) Does urbanisation shape energy consumption patterns in public urban transport (and are there agglomeration effects)? (3) Does the level of urbanisation of voivodeships depend on their regional level? The study covered 16 subregions of Poland from 2010 to 2020. A spatial dynamic exploration of the relationships between energy intensity patterns of public urban transport and the phenomenon of urbanisation and regional economic development was carried out. Panel models of vector autoregression and panel causality testing were used. The influence of the economic development of regions and the level of urbanisation on energy intensity patterns of public urban transport was confirmed. The link between economic development and the process of urbanisation was identified. An additional effect was noticed (novelty knowledge), i.e., there is a delayed club convergence between voivodeships in the area of energy intensity of public urban transport, regional economic development and urbanisation (polyconvergence).
This paper presents the synchronisation of economic cycles of GDP and crude oil and oil products cargo volumes in major Polish seaports. On the one hand, this issue fits into the concept of sustainable development including decoupling; on the other hand, the synchronisation may be an early warning tool. Crude oil and oil products cargo volumes are a specific barometer that predicts the next economic cycle, especially as they are primary sources of energy production. The research study applies a number of TRAMO/SEATS methods, the Hodrick–Prescott filter, spectral analysis, correlation and cross-correlation function. Noteworthy is the modern approach of using synchronisation of economic cycles as a tool, which was described in the paper. According to the study results, the cyclical components of the cargo traffic and GDP were affected by the leakage of other short-term cycles. However, based on the cross-correlation, it was proved that changes in crude oil and oil products cargo volumes preceded changes in GDP by 1–3 quarters, which may be valuable information for decision-makers and economic development planners.
The definition of the value of transport services for passenger is not easy to determine. Knowledge of the specificity of public transport as well as the general features of transport services makes existing definitions of value, that refer to products more often than to services, constrain the ease of its understanding. Therefore, for the purposes of this article, definitions of value including value for passenger and their understanding in the context of public transport services are presented. It was pointed out that this value should be shaped mainly from the point of view of the passenger, who, having a choice of different means of transport and their specific features, will choose the one to be used for everyday trips. #0# Cite this article as: Kłos-Adamkiewicz, Z. (2018). Value of services for passenger in public transport-theoretical approach. European
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