The paper analyses possible directions for sustainable development of heat supply systems of the countries participating in the Eurasian Economic Union when creating a united electricity market. The present problem is subject to the fact that the key technology for the energy products production which forms the basis of the energy systems of the former Soviet Union countries is combined generation of electric and heat energy at the CHP. At the same time, this type of combined production is ineffective in the energy market conditions, and creation of a unified energy market can significantly affect the energy and economic efficiency of regional heat supply systems and energy security of states. In this regard, possible ways of sustainable development of regional heat supply systems in the context of integration of market pricing mechanisms are proposed and risks of various business models of commercial activity in the sphere of heat supply are identified.
The purpose of the presented study is the analysis of relations that occur between the economic development level of national economies and the health condition of the societies. Attention focuses on the existing dependences in this area, the ones observed in the European Union member states. An attempt was made to identify the differences that occur in this area on the level of the economies of the so-called "old" and "new" European Union. The research is based on the data available on the level of NUTS 1 that describes the health condition of society in individual states. Due to the assumed scope of the analysis, indices that define life expectancy (LE) and predicted healthy life years (HLY) were accepted as the dependent variables. The results presented point to separate patterns of dependences in individual groups of the member states.
Abstract. Th is paper presents changes in Poland on the basis of describing the infrastructure of water and sewerage, gas, roads and housing after Polish accession to the European Union. Th ese changes caused, that the standard of housing in the country got closer to the city one, among others because so many non-agricultural families resided in the countryside, and farm families also remained there. Despite signifi cant improvements, the level of infrastructure in rural areas is still lower than in the city. It is necessary to fi nance its expansion. Also, despite the reduction of income disparities, the income advantage of the population living in cities compared with those residing in the countryside maintained. Th e study indicates the needs included in the Rural Devel opment Plan (RDP) 2014-2020, the implementation of which will help equalize the standard of living in the countryside and in the city; these are the basics: increasing incomes, improvement of technical infrastructure in rural areas and an increasing share of nonagricultural jobs.
The deepening economic and financial crisis in 2011 highlighted a number of negative phenomena arising from the current state of development of world's financial markets. The problems of the Euro area, the specter of its decay, and continuous rating downgrades of EU Member States undermined the confidence in the markets. This was also reflected on the example of the market of investment funds. A key element becomes a rapid identification of investment areas burdened with the largest and smallest exposure to price fluctuations in market factors. This paper identifies and characterizes important legal, fiscal, socioeconomic factors and effectiveness of investing into the investment funds in 1997-2015, which apart from strictly micro-and macroeconomic aspects are of considerable importance in this area.
Abstract. Proper operation of the healthcare sector is essentially dependant on the way of its fi nancing. Th is article aims at analysing the process of implementing a publicprivate partnership (PPP) in the UK healthcare, because this country is the world's forerunner and leader in using this form in the execution of public tasks. Defi ning good practices used in the British model will enable the analysis of the PPP market in Polish healthcare, determination of its strong and weak sides, and identifi cation of possible ways for overcoming them. Th e reason for comparing British and Polish models is justifi ed by Britain's many years of experience in carrying out complex services by private subjects within public healthcare and is supported by the fact that both PPP implementation and organization of healthcare in the UK is recognized as exemplary all over the world. Th is thesis is based on the axiom that public-private partnership presents a chance to execute public tasks while limiting the use of funds that come from local authorities and the government.
Tax sovereignty is now an expression of the phenomenon of state power. In general, there is a widespread but also accepted view that a citizen is dependent on the state and the state is dependent on tax resources. The social status of a citizen in the state is of great importance; it affects the development of personality and, last but not least, reflects the degree of democracy acquired in a particular state. Various tax law measures for the benefit of the citizen are important for the identification of social behavior and are an attempt to improve certain ways of life. The aim and ambition of this article is to emphasize the tools of social policy (e.g., minimum wage, subsistence minimum, social right to work) that are related to the social function of taxing income. In this context, the authors deal with a social function of tax collection and imposing of taxes, justice in taxation, and point out social aspects of the system of taxes in the Slovak Republic. In this article, the authors present the attitudes of both critics and proponents. It also deals with tax justice, which is often a category subjective to the evaluator. The benchmarking attribute of tax collection should be that citizens will have the certainty of social justice in the state and will therefore pay attention to the minimum wage and subsistence minimum as an integral part of tax policy under the legal conditions of the Slovak Republic. All tax legislation, especially tax reform, is perceived with a certain sensitivity regarding tax subjects.
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