Policy levelling economic and social inequalities between rural and urban areas

Abstract

Abstract. Th is paper presents changes in Poland on the basis of describing the infrastructure of water and sewerage, gas, roads and housing after Polish accession to the European Union. Th ese changes caused, that the standard of housing in the country got closer to the city one, among others because so many non-agricultural families resided in the countryside, and farm families also remained there. Despite signifi cant improvements, the level of infrastructure in rural areas is still lower than in the city. It is necessary to fi nance its expansion. Also, despite the reduction of income disparities, the income advantage of the population living in cities compared with those residing in the countryside maintained. Th e study indicates the needs included in the Rural Devel opment Plan (RDP) 2014-2020, the implementation of which will help equalize the standard of living in the countryside and in the city; these are the basics: increasing incomes, improvement of technical infrastructure in rural areas and an increasing share of nonagricultural jobs.

Sustainable economic growth and innovative development of educational systems

“…New technologies that are starting to emerge and dominate the world markets require constantly adapting and enhancing one's skills and qualifications Chmielewska & Horváthová 2016;Ehrenberger et al, 2015;Grenčiková et al, 2017;Hilkevics & Hilkevica, 2017, Lisin et al, 2017Radwan & Sakr, 2017;Mačerinskienė & Aleknavičiūtė, 2017;Shpak et al, 2017;Strielkowski, 2017;Żelazny & Pietrucha, 2017;Zemlickiene et al, 2017).…”

Smart Growth as a Tool for Regional Convergence: Evidence from Latgale Region of Latvia

“…It could be explained by the fact that small rural territories are usually sparsely populated, their populations have a relatively low education level and there is a long distance to "knowledge centres" (e.g. Steiner & Mossbock, 2014;Chmielewska & Horváthová, 2016;Straka et al, 2015), while the introduction of "smartness" and an assessment of it are based on such indicators as innovations, technologies and patents introduced and creation of a new knowledge, which are quite difficult to obtain for the small rural territories in statistical databases (Rutkauskas et al, 2014).…”

The Impact of Religiosity on Individual Perception of Wellbeing and Living Standards: A Cross-cultural Study on Selected Developing Economies

“…In the context of globalization, everyone, irrespective of religious beliefs or lack of, has to adapt to actual market challenges and struggle for a better financial situation (Ruiu, 2013;Mukherjee, 2014;Simionescu, Ciuiu, Bilan & Strielkowski, 2016;Streimikiene, Bilan, Jasinskas & Griksaite, 2016;Rakauskiene & Volodzkiene, 2017). Money helps people to improve their standard of living, which in turn ensures better health (Chmielewska & Horváthová, 2016;Suchecka & Antczak, 2016;Pacáková & Kopecká, 2018). A better standard of living is also related to better personal income and protection of human rights (Mishchuk & Grishnova, 2015;Chmielewska & Horváthová 2016;Bilan, 2014).…”

“…Money helps people to improve their standard of living, which in turn ensures better health (Chmielewska & Horváthová, 2016;Suchecka & Antczak, 2016;Pacáková & Kopecká, 2018). A better standard of living is also related to better personal income and protection of human rights (Mishchuk & Grishnova, 2015;Chmielewska & Horváthová 2016;Bilan, 2014).…”