The incidence of infections due to organisms resistant to β-lactam antibiotics has increased sharply in recent years. The goal of this study was to investigate the β-lactam resistance in 151 Escherichia coli strains isolated from chickens over a two-year period. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were present in 24 strains (16%), ESBL phenotype was identified by interpretative reading of minimal inhibitory concentration values of ceftriaxon (CRT ≥ 7.1 mg/L), ceftazidime (CAZ ≥ 3.4 mg/L) and ceftiofur (CFF ≥ 8.7 mg/L). PCR detection revealed the presence of the blaCMY-2 gene and CTX-M-1 group. We detected high resistance to ampicillin (92%), streptomycin (63%), tetracyclin (70%), ceftiofur (40%), floroquinolones (enrofloxacin 68%, ciprofloxacin 62%), florfenicol (18%), chloramphenicol (21%) and cotrimoxazol (43%). We also investigated the presence of virulence factors and mobile genetic elements, and performed plasmid replicon typing in 24 selected strains. The most prevalent integrase among the isolates was the integrase 1 with gene cassettes dfrA, aadA and genes sul1 and sul2. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistances (qnrS) were also detected in two strains. Plasmid typing showed that the Y and IncI1 were dominant plasmid replicons. The genes iss, kpsII, tsh, iutA were the most frequently detected virulence genes in ESBL-positive strains. These results demonstrate that broilers in Slovakian food markets and farms could be the source of ESBL-producing E. coli, as well as virulent and resistant strains representing a potential risk for the human population.
Strains identified in ovine cheese and bryndza by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis belonged to ten species of non-enterococcal lactic acid bacteria and included Lactobacillus casei/Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pediococcus acidilactici. The susceptibility toward antibiotics was determined in lactobacilli, lactococci and pediococci and also in Escherichia coli for comparison. Analysis of L. fermentum and pediococci revealed the presence of non-wild-type epidemiological cut-offs in streptomycin, clindamycin or gentamicin. E. coli were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin and florfenicol. No extended spectrum β-lactamases were detected.
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