One of the plants which are efficacious as antibacterial is the soursop leaves. Soursop leaves were extracted by maceration using n-hexane. The extract was evaporated using rotary evaporator. Soursop leaves extract was then formulated in a gel dosage form. This study aims toformulate hand sanitizer from soursop leaves extract based on Growing Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of n-hexaneextract of soursop leaves, and to know the evaluation result of gel dosage with the active substance of soursop leaves extract. Testing of physical properties of the gel includes organoleptic test, dispersive power test, homogeneity, pH, and consistency test. Antibacterial activity was tested by using a diffusion method. The evaluation of the gel showed SNI standards which wereable for topical use. The organoleptic test resultedthat the dosage is odorless, transparent and gel. Homogeneity test resulted that all gel dosage concentrations are homogenous. The pH tests at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 ppm respectively are 5.38 to 6.22; 5.48 to 6.28; and from 5.29 to 5.90. The dispersive power test resulted for 6.47 to 7 cm; 6.20 to 6.87 cm; and 6.09 to 6.59 cm. The consistency test resulted that all gel dosages are consistent in gel form.Gel dosage with extract concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 ppm can inhibit the growth of bacteria P. acne with antibacterial activity of 3.53; 3.26 and 2.20 mm.
A wide variety of flora can be found and can be used, as a medicinal plant. Medicinal plants are a majorsource of new chemical compounds discovery with therapeutic effects. One of the plants that can be used as a medicinal plant is a cambodia plant (Plumeria alba L cv. Acutifolia). Cambodia plants including theApocynaceae family. Cambodia is a traditional crop plants that are reported to have various properties,including its leaves as a laxative, itching and antibacterial, fruit and bark reported anti-inflammatory effect.The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of cambodia leaves as antibacterial, determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Growth (KHTM) of cambodia leaf extract which has the highest inhibitoryactivity and determine what class of chemical compounds contained in extracts of cambodia leaves which hasthe highest antibacterial activity . Research results showed that the leaf extract of cambodia leaves with 1000 ppm can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria. Concentration of 30 ppm is the lowest concentration thatcould inhibit the growth of S. aureus with inhibition zone of 1.3 mm. Analysis of FT-IR spectrophotometer,the ethanol leaves extract of the cambodia have functional group of C-H sp3 (methyl) (methyl), C-C, C = Calkenes aliphatic, OH and CO.
Treatment of bacterial infectious diseases using semi-synthetic antibiotics can lead to resistance, so as to overcome it necessary to search for natural ingredients from plant extracts that has potential as an antibacterial, one of which is the leaf extract of soursop (Annona muricata L.). This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of soursop leaf against E. coli and identify groups most active chemical compounds from the extracts. Soursop leaves extracted by maceration using n-hexane, chloroform and methanol. The extracts were tested for antibacterial activity using the diffusion method. Extract with the highest activity determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations grow (MIC) and tested the content of secondary metabolites with phytochemical test, subsequently identified using IR spectrophotometer. Soursop leaves with extraction solvent n-hexane, chloroform and methanol to produce n-hexane extract (E1), the chloroform extract (E2), and the methanol extract (E3) with a yield respectively 0.82%; 5.21%; 8.2% and produce antibacterial activity with consecutive inhibition zone of 3.52 mm; 8.34 mm; 3.00 mm. MIC of soursop leaf chloroform extract of the E. coli bacteria that is at a concentration of 1 ppm with inhibition zone of 3.23 mm. Based on the test results phytochemical soursop leaf chloroform extract showed the presence of compounds alkaloids, steroids, saponins and tannins. IR spectrophotometer identification results showed that the chloroform extract of the leaves of the soursop has functional groups OH, aliphatic C-H, C = O, C = C aromatic, CH3, C-O ether and C-H outside the field.
<p>Urease merupakam enzim yang digunakan dalam hidrolisis urea menjadi amoniak dan asam bikarbonat dan telah banyak digunakan dalam proses industri. Tujuan penelitian adalah isolasi dan pemurnian urease dari kacang panjang serta karakterisasinya. Penelitian dimulai dengan melakukan perkecambahan biji kacang panjang selama 8 hari. Kecambah biji kacang panjang selanjutnya diekstraksi dengan menggunakan buffer fosfat pH 7 dan dipisahkan menggunakan sentrifugasi sehingga diperoleh ekstrak kasar urease. Ekstrak kasar urease selanjutnya difraksinasi menggunakan aseton pada tingkat konsentrasi 20, 40, 60 dan 80%. Fraksi yang mempunyai aktivitas spesifik paling tinggi selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan metode SDS-PAGE untuk menentukan berat molekulnya dan dikarakterisasi lanjut meliputi: pengaruh suhu, pH, konsentrasi substrat dan penambahan ion logam terhadap aktivitas urease. Aktivitas urease ditentukan dengan metode Nessler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas spesifik urease dari kacang panjang paling tinggi ditemukan pada fraksi aseton (FA) 20. Hasil analisis berat molekul dengan metode SDS-PAGE diperoleh beberapa pita protein yang diduga berukuran sekitar 25 KDa dan 17 KDa. Kondisi optimum dari aktivitas urease diperoleh pada suhu 30 ºC, pH 7 dan konsentrasi urea 16,6 mM dengan nilai aktivitas 407,62 U/mL. EDTA dan ion logam dalam CaCl<sub>2</sub>, NaCl, NiCl<sub>2</sub> dan CuCl<sub>2 </sub>pada variasi konsentrasi 10<sup>-3</sup>, 10<sup>-4 </sup> dan 10<sup>-5 </sup>M merupakan inhibitor urease FA 20 dari kacang panjang.</p><p><strong><span lang="EN-US">Partial Purification and Characterization of Urease from Asparagus Bean (<em>Vigna unguiculata subsp sesquipedalis </em>L<em>.</em>). </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Urease is an enzyme used in urea hydrolysis to ammonia and bicarbonate acid and has been widely used in industrial processes. The study focused on isolation and purification of urease from asparagus beans and its characterization. The study was started with germination of asparagus beans for 8 days. Germinated asparagus beans were further extracted using phosphate buffer pH 7 and separated by centrifugation to obtain a crude extract of urease. The crude extract of urease was further fractionated using acetone at concentrations of 20, 40, 60 and 80%. The fraction with highest specific activity was then </span><span>analyzed using SDS-PAGE method to determine its molecule weight and characterized further including the influence of </span><span lang="EN-US">temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and metal ion addition to urease activity. The urease activity was determined by the Nessler̕ s method. The results showed that the specific activity of urease from asparagus beans was found with highest activity in fraction of acetone (FA) 20. Analytical result using SDS-PAGE method was obtained some protein bands having molecular weights about 25 KD and 17 KDa. The optimum conditions of urease activity was obtained at 30 °C, pH 7, incubation time 20 min and urea concentration 16.6 mM with activity value 407.62 U/mL. EDTA and </span><span>metal ions contained in </span><span lang="EN-US">CaCl<sub>2</sub>, NaCl, NiCl<sub>2</sub> and CuCl<sub>2</sub> at concentrations of 10<sup>-3</sup>, 10<sup>-4</sup> and 10<sup>-5</sup> M were FA 20 urease inhibitors.</span></p>
Penggunaan urease dalam analisis urea yang digabungkan dengan suatu transduser disebut biosensor urea.Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan kadar urea dengan metode biosensor urea berbasis urease biji kacang tolo yang diamobilisasi pada matrik alginat dan dideteksi secara kolorimetri menggunakan indikator bromtimol biru. Penelitian dimulai dengan isolasi urease dari biji kacang tolo (Vigna unguiculata ssp unguiculata L.), kemudian diamobilisasi menggunakan metode penjebakan dengan natrium alginat, setelah mencampur larutan urease dengan natrium alginat, diteteskan dalam larutan CaCl2 sampai terbentuk urease alginat. Beads urease alginat direaksikan dengan urea menghasilkan ion amonium, selanjutnya ditambahkan indikator bromtimol biru dan perubahan warnanya diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer. Kinerja analitis biosensor urea ditentukan melalui penentuan waktu reaksi enzimatis, keberulangan analisis, keberulangan pembuatan dan pengujian senyawa penganggu dengan konsentrasi urea 4mM, serta penentuan linearitas, batas deteksi, dan batas kuantifikasi dengan konsentrasi urea 0.05; 1; 3; 7; dan 15 mM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beads urease alginat bisa digunakan berulang sampai 8 kali. Kinerja analitis beads urease alginat menghasilkan respon yang linier pada rentang 0.05-15 mM dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0.9981, batas deteksi sebesar 0.8 mM dan batas kuantifikasi sebesar 2.67 mM. Keberulangan pembuatan beads urease alginat menghasilkan nilai koefisien variasi sebesar 6%. Analisis tidak terganggu dengan keberadaan asam askobat 0.05 mM dan asam urat 0.4 mM. Kata kunci: Amobilisasi urease, beads alginat, biosensor, biji kacang tolo, spektrofotometri. The use of urease in the urea analysis which combined with a transducer is called urea biosensor. Research aimed to determine urea level using urea biosensor method based on urease from black-eyed pea that immobilized on alginate matrix and detected by colorimetric using bromothymol blue indicator. The research began with urease isolation from black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata ssp unguiculata L.), and then it immobilized utilizing the trapping method with sodium alginate, after mixing urease solution with sodium alginate, it is dripped in CaCl2 solution until alginate urease beads formed. Alginate urease beads reacted with urea to produce ammonium ion, then it’s added with indicator bromothymol blue, and the color changes were measured using a spectrophotometer. The analytical performance of urea biosensor is determined by enzymatic reaction time, repeated analysis, repeatability of fabrication and calibration of disturbing compound with concentration of urea 4 mM, also linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification with concentration of urea 0.05, 1, 3, 7 and 15 mM. The results showed that alginate urease beads could repeatedly be used until eight times. The analytical performance of alginate urease beads including a linear response in the range of 0.05 mM-15 mM with the correlation coefficient of 0.9981, the detection limit of 0.8 mM and the quantification limit of 2.67 mM. The repeatability of fabrication alginate urease beads produced the coefficient of variation value of 6%. The presence of 0.05 mM ascorbic acid and 0.4 mM uric acid.was not disrupted the analysis. Keywords: urease immobilization, alginate beads, biosensor, black-eyed pea, spectrophotometry.
Background: Acne is caused by several factors including the active secretion of sebaceous sweat glands, hyperkeratosis in the hair infundibulum and the effects of bacteria. One of the plants that has the potential as an antibacterial is the extract of arumanis mango leaves. Method: Determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of methanol extract of mango leaves which can inhibit Propionibacterium acnes activity. The antibacterial activity tests were performed using agar diffusion. The ointment formulation, the characteristics of ointment preparations and the ointment activity against P. Acnes are discussed. Result: MIC of methanol extract of mango leaves value is 5 ppm with an inhibition zone of 1 mm. The ointment obtained is white, has distinctive smell, semisolid form, possesses a pH of 4.92 - 5.87, dispersive power of 5.05 - 6.30 cm, adhesive power of 1 - 3.67 seconds, homogeneous and protective. Ointment preparations of methanol extract of mango leaves has activity on P. acnes on the 0 and 15th day of storage. The activities of ointment preparation on day 0 with concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm are 0.00 mm; 10.20 mm; 19.97 mm and 23.60 mm respectively, while the inhibition zones produced by the preparation of ointment on day 15 with concentrations of 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm are 0.00 mm; 5.71 mm; 9.58 mm and 21.88 mm respectively. Conclusion: Methanol extract of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.) and oinment preparation are able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes.
Plastic has high potency to become material that much threats human living in this earth, because made from chemical which cannot degraded by microbes in environment. The successful production and marketing of biodegradable plastics will help alleviate the problem of environmental pollution. One of biodegradable plastic that used in our live is polyethylene. This research reveals that local microbes capable to degrading of polyethylene. Biodegradation test was carried out by using bacteria in soil which was obtained from Gunung Tugel disposal center, Banyumas regency. Kind of polyethylene is LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) which was obtained from Setiakawan Plastic Factory, Kalibogor, Purwokerto formed to thin film. Characterization of the polyethylene used weight loss percentage method, melting point determination and FTIR. Soil bacteria isolated from Gunung Tugel disposal center, Banyumas regency, obtained 5 single colonies, which coded GT. Bacteria isolate which have highest activity in degrading polyethylene was GT 3, with increasing the time of incubation. Weight loss percentage up to 2.33% in 1 month. Melting point of polyethylene after biodegradation was decreased that initially 210-220 °C into 210-213 °C. FTIR spectrophotometer result of polyethylene after biodegradation showed intensity for methylene and methyl cluster was decreased.
Microorganism enzymes are the most widely used in industrial applications. Tapioca liquid waste could be a great source of amylase-producing bacteria. The aim of this research was to isolate the amylase-producing bacteria form the tapioca waste, to produce amylase and to purify the resulted amylase. The screening, identification, and the optimal production condition of the amylase‒producing bacteria were studied. The optimization of bacteria production growth phase and the amylase production time were investigated. The crude amylase was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis to identify the molecular weight and to purity of the amylase. The amylase activity assay used was based on the measuring of resulted reducing sugar by Somogyi-Nelson method. The result showed that the amylase producing bacteria was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis. The exponential phase of the bacteria growth for bacteria adaptation before production was 18 h and the optimal production time of amylase enzyme was 24 h. The highest specific activity of the purified amylase was fraction (FHD) 40% with specific activity of 37.56 ± 0.38U/mg. The SDS PAGE of FHD 40% profile showed two clear bands with molecular weight of 32 kDa and 35 kDa respectively
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