Climate change and urban growth impact habitats, species, and ecosystem services. To buffer against global change, an established adaptation strategy is designing protected areas to increase representation and complementarity of biodiversity features. Uncertainty regarding the scale and magnitude of landscape change complicates reserve planning and exposes decision makers to the risk of failing to meet conservation goals. Conservation planning tends to treat risk as an absolute measure, ignoring the context of the management problem and risk preferences of stakeholders. Application of risk management theory to conservation emphasizes the diversification of a portfolio of assets, with the goal of reducing the impact of system volatility on investment return. We use principles of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which quantifies risk as the variance and correlation among assets, to formalize diversification as an explicit strategy for managing risk in climate‐driven reserve design. We extend MPT to specify a framework that evaluates multiple conservation objectives, allows decision makers to balance management benefits and risk when preferences are contested or unknown, and includes additional decision options such as parcel divestment when evaluating candidate reserve designs. We apply an efficient search algorithm that optimizes portfolio design for large conservation problems and a game theoretic approach to evaluate portfolio trade‐offs that satisfy decision makers with divergent benefit and risk tolerances, or when a single decision maker cannot resolve their own preferences. Evaluating several risk profiles for a case study in South Carolina, our results suggest that a reserve design may be somewhat robust to differences in risk attitude but that budgets will likely be important determinants of conservation planning strategies, particularly when divestment is considered a viable alternative. We identify a possible fiscal threshold where adequate resources allow protecting a sufficiently diverse portfolio of habitats such that the risk of failing to achieve conservation objectives is considerably lower. For a range of sea‐level rise projections, conversion of habitat to open water (14–180%) and wetland loss (1–7%) are unable to be compensated under the current protected network. In contrast, optimal reserve design outcomes are predicted to ameliorate expected losses relative to current and future habitat protected under the existing conservation estate.

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Thailand is one of the biggest developing nations of 'Southeast Asia,' economy which use heavy amount of renewable energy. So, this research mainly focuses on the paradigm that examines the effects of renewable energy, and it has combined the nation's economic development predictions. To verify this, time-series data from the year 1990 the up-to-the year 2018 utilized for the examination. The research utilized the (ARDL) Auto-Regressive-Distributive-Lag with Bound test model to confirm the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth in Thailand. Time series data is use in this study so (ADF) Augmented-Dickey-Fuller test apply to check stationary of the variables and further use Granger-causality to check causal association amongst energy and growth. The study's outcomes revealed that the consumption of renewable energy in Thailand combined the nation's economic development predictions up to the range, which is the 1% boost in consumption of renewable energies to increase Thailand's economic development by 0.57 percent. Additionally, a 1 percent boost in capital formation leads towards the rise in economic development by 0.025 percent. However, a 1.70 percent boost in economic development is because of the 1 percent increase in labor efficiency. On the other side, the causality examination showed that the presence of the feedback consequence among consumption of renewable energies also the capital initiate to be bidirectional. Also, their same interpretation was revealed to existed amongst economic development and the capital. The research recommends that there must be some robust measures that help prevent the failure of the renewable energy market internationally between others and domestically.

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