A diabetes risk score cannot directly be translated and applied in different populations, and its performance should be evaluated in the target population. This study aimed to translate the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) instrument and compare its performance with the modified version for detecting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dysglycaemia among the Indonesian adult population. Forward and backward translations were performed and followed by cultural adaptation. In total, 1,403 participants were recruited. The FINDRISC-Bahasa Indonesia (FINDRISC-BI) was scored according to the original FINDRISC instrument, while a Modified FINDRISC-BI was analyzed using a specific body mass index and waist circumference classification for Indonesians. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and the optimal cut-offs of both instruments were estimated. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting undiagnosed T2DM was 0.73 (0.67–0.78) for the FINDRISC-BI with an optimal cut-off score of ≥9 (sensitivity = 63.0%; specificity = 67.3%) and 0.72 (0.67–0.78) for the Modified FINDRISC-BI with an optimal cut-off score of ≥11 (sensitivity = 59.8%; specificity = 74.9%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for detecting dysglycaemia was 0.72 (0.69–0.75) for the FINDRISC-BI instrument with an optimal cut-off score of ≥8 (sensitivity = 66.4%; specificity = 67.0%), and 0.72 (0.69–0.75) for the Modified FINDRISC-BI instrument with an optimal cut-off score ≥9 (sensitivity = 63.8%; specificity = 67.6%). The Indonesian version of the FINDRISC instrument has acceptable diagnostic accuracy for screening people with undiagnosed T2DM or dysglycaemia in Indonesia. Modifying the body mass index and waist circumference classifications in the Modified FINDRISC-BI results in a similar diagnostic accuracy; however, the Modified FINDRISC-BI has a higher optimal cut-off point than the FINDRISC-BI. People with an above optimal cut-off score are suggested to take a further blood glucose test.
Background Despite a global decline in new HIV/AIDS cases in low-middle countries, cases are increasing in Indonesia. Low knowledge about the disease among the general population is one of the major factors responsible for this trend. Indonesia does not have a validated instrument to assess HIV/AIDS knowledge. The HIV Knowledge Questionnaire-18 (HIV-KQ-18) has been translated into several languages and is one of the most extensively used instruments for assessing HIV/AIDS knowledge. This paper describes the process of adapting and validating the HIV-KQ-18, an instrument to assess the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge in the general population of Indonesia. Methods In the adaptation phase, feedback for the initial Bahasa Indonesia version was gathered from two HIV activists, an obstetrician, two general practitioners, and 60 pilot participants. At the validation stage, we distributed the instrument link via Google Form to 6 major regions in Indonesia. Validity was measured using known-group validity and construct validity. The construct validity was assessed using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a polychoric correlation matrix. Cronbach’s alpha was used to analyze the internal consistency. Results Based on the findings in the adaptation phase, additional descriptions (namely synonyms or examples) were added to 6 items to make them more understandable. In the validation phase, 1,249 participants were recruited. The a priori hypothesis in known-group validity was supported. We also found three items that did not meet the construct validity. Based on the acceleration factor approach to interpret the scree tree in the factor analysis, using only two factors was preferable. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.75 and 0.71 representing good internal reliability. Conclusion The HIV-KQ-18 Bahasa Indonesia is considered a valid and reliable instrument to assess the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge in Indonesia.
Background Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease, and it accounts for major cases of hyperthyroidism. Antibody against thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor/TSHR (TRAb) is responsible for hyperthyroidism and is considered as a diagnostic marker for GD. Therefore, we developed a recombinant protein of human TSHR‐169 (hTSHR‐169), which was specifically recognized TRAb in the serum of GD patients and then compare the diagnostic performance between ELISA and dot blot of TRAb tests for their ability to diagnose GD. Methods 20 GD patients and 20 healthy individuals from the Indonesian population were enrolled. TRAb concentration and density were quantified. Comparative analysis was performed using receiver‐operating curve (ROC) analysis. Results For dot blot assay, the minimum concentration to detect TRAb requiring 100 ng of antigen with antiserum diluted at 1:60. For diagnosing GD, the ELISA yielded a higher AUC compared with the dot blot assay (0.95 and 0.85, respectively). Using the recommended cutoff values, the efficiency of both assays was examined by comparing the specificity and sensitivity of the assays to the clinical diagnosis. The ELISA showed 80% and 95%, while the dot blot assay showed 70% and 95% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Conclusion Although the dot blot assay exhibited lower performance than the ELISA method, the dot blot assay is a simple and rapid diagnostic assay that is suitable for diagnosing GD in rural areas, in which healthcare facilities sometimes are not accessible.
The RecA protein has an essential role in DNA recombination and repair which is mediated by its ability to bind ATP/ADP. SWISS-MODEL, an online automated server, was used to predict its tertiary structure of C. jejuni RecA. Four evaluation tools were used for quality assessment of the constructed model: QMEAN6, ERRAT, ANOLEA and PROCHECK. Quality assessments indicated that the model was of high quality and reliable for docking experiments. A total of forty natural products were used in docking the model by Hex 8.0.0 and ArgusLab 4.0.1 using ADP as control. Ten compounds had docking scores higher than that of ADP (-8.61 Kcal/mol) in ArgusLab 4.0.1 where quercetin had the highest docking score of-10.34 Kcal/mol. In Hex 8.0.0 docking, only cucurmin, taxifolin, isoquercitrin and vitexin had docking scores higher than that of ADP. These natural occurring compounds may be possible inhibitors of ATPase activity and, therefore, may be further analyzed to develop new antimicrobials targeting RecA in pathogenic bacteria.
Research on risk factors for diabetes (DM) is growing. Identification of these risk factors aims to prevent DM as early as possible. This study intends to identify the utilization of the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) and its development using bibliometric analysis. The keywords “FINDRISC AND Diabetes” were used to search for articles published in 2005-2021 in PubMed. A total of 249 articles were analyzed based on the number of publications per year, journals that publish the papers, number of publications by author and year of publication, number of publications by affiliation and year of publication, number of publications by country of origin of authors and year of publication, number of keywords, number of citations, types of articles, specific topics, and theme mapping. The data visualization was obtained from the Scopus database and the VOSviewer and Biblioshiny applications. Despite the increase in publications, the number of publications on FINDRISC in DM patients is still very few per year, with 92.8% being the primary study. Based on clusters of the country of origin, publications are still dominated by researchers from countries in the European region, and the researchers intensely relate to each other through citations. Research themes related to FINDRISC are not limited to DM risk factors. This study is the first study of a bibliometric analysis of the utilization of FINRISC in DM patients. The analysis results can be used to evaluate existing research gaps and identify future research opportunities.
Food photography is growing increasingly intense in a specific area of research today on the basis of the fast movement of information in micro media such as Instagram. Culinary activities, like drink or eat, are now not completely a physical need. Further, since the Instagram era, it becomes a self-representation canals to promotional activities. Refers to that acceleration, big oases just facing the almost-forgotten Malang traditional food like, orem-orem, so people, especially the youth one, can hear, reach, and spread the taste. This study aims to find out how the effect of orem-orem photo presentation on Malang Foodies Instagram towards the purchase intention of traditional food among teenage in Malang City. The research data conducted through explanative research using a quantitative approach. The theoretical framework of SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) and the classification of photographic element points helped to enrich research result. Shape, texture, pattern, form, and tone value become the main point of visual element that helped clarify visual description. The results showed that the photographic elements applied to orem-orem photos on Malang Foodies Instagram account had a positive and significant effect in activating emotional arousal and purchase intention among teenage. Furthermore, emotional arousal also has a significant influence in bridging photo elements to purchase intention.
Spermatogenesis is a great, complex, and long process. This process take place in the tubulus seminiferus of the testis and consists of three phases i.e. proliferation, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. In proliferation phase, the number of cells were multiplied, while in the meiosis occurs the completion of cleavage to form haploid cells. In the spermiogenesis, the cells perform a morphological change to form the mature gamet that is spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis involves the role of hormones and many molecules resulting the functional spermatozoa which crucial to induce the process of fertilization. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an elderly and multifunctional molecule that necessary in spermatogenesis and the quality of spermatozoa. Many results revealed that PACAP molecule is responsible for male reproduction and fertility. The main objective of this review is to describe the prominent role of PACAP in spermatogenesis and the spermatozoa function.
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