Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment.

Purpose. This study is aimed to compare the effects of two different orthodontic forces on crevicular alkaline phosphatase activity, rate of tooth movement, and root resorption. Materials and Methods. Twelve female subjects of class II division 1 malocclusion participated. Maxillary canines with bonded fixed appliances acted as the tested teeth, while their antagonists with no appliances acted as the controls. Canine retraction was performed using nickel titanium coil spring that delivered forces of 100 gm or 150 gm to either side. Crevicular fluid was analyzed for ALP activity, and study models were casted to measure tooth movements. Root resorption was assessed using periapical radiographs before and after the force application. Results. ALP activity at the mesial sites peaked at week 1 for 150 gm group with significant differences when compared with the 100 gm group. Cumulative canine movements were significantly greater in the 150 gm force (2.10 ± 0.50 mm) than in the 100 gm force (1.57 ± 0.44 mm). No root resorption was in the maxillary canines after retraction. Conclusions. A force of 150 gm produced faster tooth movements and higher ALP activity compared with the 100 gm group and had no detrimental effects such as root resorption.

Dental pulp tissue contains dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Dental pulp cells (also known as dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells) are capable of differentiating into multilineage cells including neuron-like cells. The aim of this study was to examine the capability of DPSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells without using any reagents or growth factors. DPSCs were isolated from teeth extracted from 6- to 8-week-old mice and maintained in complete medium. The cells from the fourth passage were induced to differentiate by culturing in medium without serum or growth factors. RT-PCR molecular analysis showed characteristics of Cd146+, Cd166+, and Cd31− in DPSCs, indicating that these cells are mesenchymal stem cells rather than hematopoietic stem cells. After 5 days of neuronal differentiation, the cells showed neuron-like morphological changes and expressed MAP2 protein. The activation of Nestin was observed at low level prior to differentiation and increased after 5 days of culture in differentiation medium, whereas Tub3 was activated only after 5 days of neuronal differentiation. The proliferation of the differentiated cells decreased in comparison to that of the control cells. Dental pulp stem cells are induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells when cultured in serum- and growth factor-free medium.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities

ABSTRAKPenyerapan akar gigi apeks luaran (PAAL)

Background. Diabetes mellitus has several complications related to mental health, such as stress and depression. Stress may disrupt the self-concept of a person with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2Dm). Objectives. the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between stress and self-concept among t2Dm patients in medan, indonesia. Material and methods. this is a cross-sectional study of a total of 100 subjects. the subjects were selected using convenience sampling. the primary data were collected from interviews using questionnaire guidelines. the Perceived Stress Scale-10 was used to determine the stress level, while the tennesse Self-Concept Scale was used to determine the patient's self-concept. the data were processed using SPSS and analyzed with the chi-squared test. Results. the results showed that 83% of diabetic patients experienced a moderate level of stress, whereas 61% of patients had a fair self-concept. Furthermore, the chi-squared test showed that there was no relationship between stress and self-concept in t2Dm patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions. there was no relationship between stress level and self-concept among t2Dm patients (p < 0.05). although stress and self-concept are closely related, especially in t2Dm patients, the present study did not find a relationship between the two variables. however, efforts should still be made to prevent mental health disorders and to control the disease.

Abstract. Periodontal tissue changes exerted by external forces in orthodontic treatment allow tooth movement. The changes in periodontal tissues i.e. inflammation can be monitored using gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). GCF is a component of saliva. Saliva could be used to monitor periodontal disease progression. The use of saliva to monitor periodontal tissues changes during orthodontic treatment is still unknown. Therefore, we observed the profiles of inflammatory markers namely creatine kinase ('CK), nitric oxide (NO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in saliva of orthodontic patients to evaluate their importance in orthodontic treatment. A total of 21 subjects (13 female and 8 male) participated in this study. Samples were collected from gingival crevicular fluid at three period of archwire changes: baseline (M0), 2 weeks after 0.014" NiTi archwire (M1), and 2 weeks after 0.018" NiTi archwire (M2). All enzyme activities i.e. CK, LDH and AST were measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Griess assay was used to measure nitric oxide level. CK activity, NO level, LDH activity and AST activity in saliva samples did not show significant differences among period of archwire changes. The use of inflammatory marker profiles in saliva may not represent the changes in periodontal tissues during orthodontic treatment.

Background. The main cause of mortality and morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is cardiovascular disease. According to the American Heart Association, at least 65% of the deaths of T2DM patients are due to heart disease and stroke. Objectives. This study aims to analyse cardiovascular complication risk based on Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and the influencing factors in T2DM patients. Material and methods. This is an analytical research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was T2DM patients from primary health care in Medan, Indonesia, with a total of 85 people. Subjects were recruited using consecutive sampling with inclusive and exclusive criteria. AIP values were determined using the AIP calculator with the logarithm calculation (TG/HDL-C). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis, with a 95% confidence interval and a significant value of p < 0.05. Results. The majority of patients are known to be at high risk with AIP ≥ 0.21. There is a relationship between FBGL and HbA 1c with AIP (p < 0.05). There is a significant relationship between TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C and AIP index (p < 0.05), while there is no relationship between LDL-C and AIP (p > 0.05). Conclusions.A continuous educational effort is critical for improving patients' understanding in preventing the occurrence of complications that increase morbidity and mortality.