Indonesia is the largest palm plantation that reaches 32 million tonnes palm oil production per year with 84 million tones Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as liquid waste. POME contains many organic substances. The quality of POME for its utilization is generally measured in COD which has range 30000 -100.000 ppm. Microbial convertion for biogas especially for bio-H2 enrichment, the active sludge was pretreated physically to suppress methanogenesis microbes. H2 Biogas production was conducted at pH 5-6. Additional 10% phosphate buffer was done in the beginning only. The production of H2 biogas was influenced by hydrostatic pressure in closed batch system. Inoculumsmedium ratio also influenced the H2 biogas productivity, reached 0.7 ml/ml POME with more than 50% H2. Scaling up anaerobic in 2.5 L working volume bioreactor, H2 biogas productivity reached 0.86 ml/ml POME by 10% inoculums because of no hydrostatic pressure. In bio-reactor, H2-CO2 in H2 biogas was affected by the amount of active sludge. In the beginning of H2 biogas, H2 reached 80%. However, at subsequence process, fed batch, with retention time 2.5 day and 3 days H2 biogas production, the active sludge was accumulated and caused the decreasing H2, finally only 46% at the 3rd day. The consortium tended to produce more CO2 as the result of primary metabolite rather than H2. Raising inoculums to level 15% improved productivity only in the beginning but H2 content was getting less, only 59%. Additional feeding would cause more accumulation sludge and more decreasing H2 content to 31% on the 3rd day. Thus, the ratio of active sludge and substrate availability must be controlled to gain optimum H2. Limited substrate will cause the direction of bio-conversion more in CO2 rather than H2.
Asam lemak bebas (alb) dalam Crude Palm Oil (CPO) merupakan salah satu parameter kualitas CPO.Munculnya asamlemak bebas ini dapat berasal dari faktor pemanenan dan penyimpanan. Asamlemak bebas yang tinggi dalam CPO dapat menurunkan harga CPO. Minyak mentah sawit inimerupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang diolah, antara lain, menjadi pure plant oil (PPO)dan biodiesel. Namun,masalah utama CPO sebagai bahan baku PPO dan biodiesel adalah asamlemak bebas. Asam lemak bebas dalam CPO yang dapat digunakan untuk PPO dan biodiesel tidakboleh lebih dari 1%. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan usaha untuk menurunkan asamlemak bebas dalam CPO sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar. Metoda yang digunakanadalah esterifikasi. Asam lemak bebas dikonversi menjadi metil ester. Campuran metil ester dengantrigliserida ini merupakan bahan bakar yang dapat digunakan untuk pengganti BBM. Kondisi yangoptimal untuk proses esterifikasi CPO alb tinggi adalah sebagai berikut : suhu 65oC, waktu 360 menit,katalis 0,25%, dan perbandingan mol metanol 8:1. Dengan proses ini, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 2,76% (konversi 89,39%). Pada kondisi yang sama dengan katalis yangditingkatkan menjadi 0,5%, asam lemak bebas dapat diturunkan menjadi 1,86% (konversi 92,85%).Pada kondisi yang sama, dengan katalis yang ditingkatkan menjadi 1%, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 1,75% (konversi 93,28%).Kata kunci: asam lemak bebas, CPO, esterifikasi, PPO, biodiesel
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