Purpose: With the spreading of Vapour Phase Soldering (VPS) technology it is important to understand and optimize the process itself. The paper presents a novel approach on the process zone characterization for direct feedback on the state of vapour, for better monitoring, control and understanding of the process.
Practical implications:The VPS process may benefit from the more precise saturation detection, giving better control on the heat transfer, enabling more efficient production with the reduction of idle time, and resulting in better soldering quality.
Social implications:Reducing the idle time of the VPS stations may result in better efficiency and smaller power consumption, reducing the environmental impact of the method.
The paper presents a method for investigating heat transfer during a specific reflow soldering method, Vapour Phase Soldering (VPS), where a horizontal Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is heated in vapour medium. The paper presents refined descriptions of filmwise condensation which were investigated and adjusted for the VPS process. The results show a proper and fast approximation of measurements. The dependence of the PCB characteristic length is also investigated.
List of symbolsT Temperature, K Q Thermal energy, h Heat transfer coefficient, W/m 2 K A Body surface, m 2 t Time, s L Characteristic length, m H Second lateral dimension of PCB, m T Thickness of the PCB, m A Surface, m 2 k Thermal conductivity, W/m K hlv Latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg q Density, kg/m 3 a Inclination angle,°g Gravitational constant, m/s 2 l Dynamic viscosity, kg/m s Nu Nusselt number, dimensionless Ra Rayleigh number, dimensionless
This article aims to present some opportunities for improved solar energy utilization by raising the share of renewables in energy generation in the Visegrád Countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary). The analysis is based on the status of the renewable energy targets in the member countries and their future possibilities. This paper derives input through a thorough investigation of independent data, government policies, European Commission reports, and other data available online with free access. The analysis is processed by focusing on Hungary, as a country with various possible facets of solar energy demand and supply in the region. The assessment methodology is in the context of a geographical map, technical regression analysis, temperature distribution profiles, and the relative trends of solar potential in Hungary. The country currently has ten solar power plants with more than 10 MWp, and five remarkable plants under 10 MWp capacity spread over Hungary. The analysis on geographical aspects clubbed with technical and solar affecting parameters was carried out to harvest the sustainable potential of solar energy in the region. This study attempts to establish a relationship between the current and future prospects of solar energy in Hungary as a nation, and as part of the Visegrád countries, based on assessment for a sustainable future.
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