To produce a new component there are a trial and error stage to obtain a part without defects, which strongly depends on operator's experience. At this stage, the experience of designer and manufacturers should give an important aid to reduce trials to realize the minimization of response time and cost with maximization of the product equality. Rubber pad forming highly improves the formability of the blank because the contact surfaces between the rigid die and the rubber pad is flexible. This method enables to produce sheet metal components with complex contour by relatively low cost because only one rigid die is required. However, in aerospace field, parts are produced in small sheet metal bending and small number of components. It means that it is not worthy for large investments in tools and process design. For these reasons, it is necessary to use FE simulation of manufacturing process during the conceptual design.
Paper presents stress calculation in the stationary temperature domain for a hybrid structure with standard epoxy-carbon fiber composite and metallic part, showing different thermal behaviour. The thermal stress analysis is based on the finite element method. A sample problem involving such a composite plate and metallic part of structure or mould at two different temperature levels, corresponding to curing process (co-curing) and operating temperatures, respectively, is calculated and discussed. The specific properties of composite are emphasized particularly for thermal coefficients, especially if the shear coefficient is different than zero, causing completely different behaviour compared to isotropic materials.
The paper provides an insight into the dominant trends of contemporary evolutionary economics and outlines the important issues related to the articulation of this approach in thinking about the economy. The paper also affirms a proposition on institutions as carrier structures of socio-economic evolution, whose numerous effects at the societal level are decoded through the coordination function. In addition to the market, the process of coordination also employs other non-market institutional structures, whose profile and operational principles are the product of the trajectories of cultural and historical evolution, different among social orders. Projects aimed at the transformation of the economic system are to be sensitized to an objectively conditioned diversity of the institutional structures of the world economy, and in this sense, should be very careful in the installation of "universal" reform solutions.
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