Microalgae can effectively absorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in wastewater, while growth characteristics can be affected by such nutrients. The influences of the N and P concentration on growth, biomass yield, protein yield, and cell ultrastructure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) were investigated in this study. The results showed that, in the optimum conditions (24-72 mg/L for N and 4.5-13.5 mg/L for P), the final biomass and protein content of C. reinhardtii could reach maximum value, and the cell organelles (chloroplast, mitochondria,etc.) showed good structures with larger chloroplasts, and more and neater thylakoids. However, if the concentration of nutrients was much higher or lower than the optimal value, it would cause adverse effects on the growth of C. reinhardtii, especially in high nitrogen (1000 mg/L) and low phosphorus (0.5 mg/L) conditions. Under these extreme conditions, the ultrastructure of the cells was also damaged significantly as follows: the majority of the organelles were deformed, the chloroplast membrane became shrunken, and the mitochondria became swollen, even partial disintegrated (differing slightly under high-N and low-P conditions); furthermore, it is found that C. reinhardtii was more sensitive to low-P stress. On the basis of these results, our findings have general implications in the application of wastewater treatment.
is a harmful heavy metal that can be rapidly taken up and accumulated through the food chain (Cheremisinoff, 2016;Yu, Han, et al., 2017). The application of industrial wastewater, sewage sludge and mining waste to farmland may increase Cd concentrations in soil, polluting soil in China (Di Pierro et al. 2018;He et al. 2015). A recent national survey conducted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China showed that about 7% of sampling sites were contaminated with Cd (Deng et al. 2019). The contaminated area of Cd and lead (Pb) has reached 20 million ha, accounting for 20% of the country's total soil area (Xue et al. 2014). In Sichuan Province, this situation is more serious: 21% of sampling sites were contaminated. Cd content in the soil of Sichuan is second only to that of Hunan (0.73 mg kg -1 )
We prove that the Drinfeld center centralized by a symmetric fusion category is a symmetric monoidal functor if we choose proper domain and codomain categories. We also compute the factorization homology of stratified surfaces with coefficients satisfying certain anomaly-free conditions.
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