Forests play an important role in the life of indigenous communities. However, making non timber forest management a profitable economic activity is a difficult task. Factors contributing to this difficulty include the increasing pressure from the market economy, which leads communities to opt for alternative economic activities such as agroforestry, timber harvest, cacao, and aquaculture. External institutions have implemented rubber projects to reintroduce the rubber extraction activity, but the outcomes of these projects are unknown. To help address this issue, our research was conducted in the Sinchi Roca I native community in Peru. The objectives were (1) to describe the process of wild rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) extraction; ( 2) to analyze the local perception by gender of rubber management; and (3) to evaluate the outcomes of this activity using socioeconomic criteria and indicators. Data collection techniques included indepth interviews, focus group discussions, and intrahousehold surveys. First, we found that locals once extracted rubber with unsuitable techniques, which have improved with technical forest management. Second, wild extraction has a positive socioeconomic perception for the community, mainly because it provides income for basic needs. Surveyed families extract around 28,800 liters of rubber per year, averaging US$ 557.80 per family each year. Finally, we found that men and women participate in wild rubber extraction and decision making. However, women prefer not to actively participate in meetings with external institutions. Despite the benefits found, current use of silviculture techniques and community empowerment should be improved to take better advantage of existing potential.
La investigacion tiene como objetivo analizar el mejor modelo de clasificación supervisada de imágenes satelitales para determinar el cambio de uso de la tierra entre los algoritmos Support Vector Machine (SVM) y Boosting para la Amazonía peruana. El distrito de Nueva Requena y diferentes zonas de la cuenca amazónica, enfrentan en la actualidad un alarmante cambio de cobertura forestal y cambio de uso de la tierra, generándose importantes cambios en los procesos ambientales. Se utilizó imágenes satelitales de Sentinel-2A, con longitudes de onda en el rango espectral del visible y dos algoritmos robustos: Support Vector Machine (SVM) y el algoritmo Boosting o árboles de decisión. Se realizaron 25 clasificaciones supervisadas con dichos algoritmos y diferentes insumos de las imágenes satelitales. El mejor modelo de cambio de uso de la tierra resultó de la clasificación del año 2016 con el algoritmo Boosting y para el año 2018 se realizó con algoritmo Support Vector Machine (SVM), luego mediante el algebra de mapa resultó el cambio de uso de la tierra. Este modelo presentó el menor error de clasificación de 22.7%, la validación se realizó con imágenes de alta resolución PERUSAT-1 para el año 2018 e imágenes Google Earth para el año 2016 proporcionando un índice Kappa de 0.606 y el porcentaje correctamente clasificado (PCC) de 86.10% para el año 2016 y el índice Kappa de 0.560 y el porcentaje correctamente clasificado (PCC) de 82.30% para el año 2018 demostrando la fuerza de concordancia considerable y moderada respectivamente.
Resumen El estudio analiza conocimientos, percepciones y actitudes de los pobladores locales sobre la gestión de dos Reservas Nacionales (categoría VI UICN): la Reserva Nacional de Paracas (RNP) y la Reserva Nacional Sistema de Islas, Islotes y Puntas Guaneras (RNSIIPG)-Sector Sur Medio, Islas Ballestas. Se realizaron 95 encuestas estructuradas en tres localidades: Lagunillas y Laguna Grande, ubicadas dentro de la RNP; El Chaco ubicada en la zona amortiguamiento y lugar donde la principal actividad es la turística; y San Andrés, cuyos pobladores utilizan las dos reservas nacionales para extraer recursos hidrobiológicos. Los resultados indican que los pobladores perciben que tienen poca participación en la gestión, que las variables que están relacionadas al conocimiento de las reservas son identificación con el área y nivel de ingreso y que las variables relacionadas a la percepción son la ubicación de la población respecto a la reserva y la autopercepción de riqueza por lo que se recomienda enfatizar las estrategias de gestión de acuerdo a estos sectores y a las actividades económicas que los pobladores realizan. Palabras clave: Participación local; manejo de áreas protegidas; categoría UICN; pesca.
Indigenous people, who are often economically, socially, and culturally dependent on forests, represent important stakeholders in forest management. Due to high costs, indigenous communities partner with external institutions to harvest timber, often resulting in forest degradation within their territories, internal and external conflicts, and disinterest in starting new timber management projects. Using a standardized methodology to investigate the outcomes of previous community forestry projects presents an opportunity to better understand and potentially resolve these issues. Hence, we conducted research in the Sinchi Roca I native community in Peru. Our objectives were (1) to describe the process of timber harvest, (2) to analyze gender differences in local perceptions of timber management, and (3) to evaluate the outcomes of the timber activity, applying socioeconomic criteria and indicators. Data collection included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and intra-household surveys. We found that locals partnered with a company for timber harvesting, which led to a sanction from the Peruvian government. Timber harvesting was therefore negatively perceived in the community, with 83.75% of survey respondents dissatisfied with the activity and 88.75% reporting internal and external conflicts due to the presence of the company. Moreover, women did not have a major role in timber harvesting, nor did they actively participate in planning meetings. Results suggest that improving future timber management projects in indigenous communities requires that projects be adapted to local realities and encourage local participation, including training for locals in governance, administration of documents, and negotiations with external stakeholders.
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