RESUMENPrensado en frío de semillas de lino (Linum usitatissimum L.) con enzimas asistida: Mejora en el rendimiento, la calidad y los compuestos fenólicos del aceite Se evalúa el efecto de diferentes preparaciones enzimá-ticas (Viscozyme L, Kemzyme y Feedzyme) sobre el rendimiento y propiedades fisicoquímicas y antioxidantes de aceites de lino prensados en frío. El rendimiento en aceite (35,2-38,0%) de las semillas de lino prensadas en frío (ETCPF), y tratadas con enzimas, aunque menor que el rendimiento mediante Soxhlet (SEO), fue considerablemente mayor en comparación con el control (32,5%), mientras que el contenido de proteína, fibra, y cenizas no se vieron afectados por el tratamiento enzimático. La mayoría de los pará-metros físico-químicos tales como el índice de refracción, densidad, índice de yodo, el contenido de ácidos grasos libres, índice de saponificación, el color y el perfil de ácidos grasos no variaron significativamente entre el aceite ETCPF, SEO y el control. Curiosamente, el estado de oxidación en términos de peróxidos, p-anisidina, dienos y trienos conjugados, período de inducción (método Rancimat), así como puntuación sensorial del aceite ETCPF fueron superiores en comparación con el control. Una cantidad sensiblemente superior de tocoferoles (350-400 mg kg -1 ) se determinó en el aceite ETCPF, en relación con el control (270 mg kg -1 ), mostrando un aumento de 22,8 a 32,5% en la recuperación de los tocoferoles totales. Por otra parte, el aceite de ETCPF mostró mayor actividad antioxidante y fenoles totales y contenido de ácidos fenólicos individuales. Este estudio aboga por la extracción mediante presión en frío con enzima asistida como una alternativa viable al prensado en frío convencional para mejorar no sólo el rendimiento de extracción sino también la calidad de los componentes funcionales de alto valor como los de los aceites de linaza. PALABRAS CLAVE: Ácidos fenólicos -Carbohidrasas -HPLC -Linolénico -Parámetros físico-químicos -Prensado en frío de aceite -Propiedades antioxidante -Tocoferoles -TPC. SUMMARY Enzyme-aided cold pressing of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.): Enhancement in yield, quality and phenolics of the oilThe effect of different enzyme preparations (Viscozyme L, Kemzyme, and Feedzyme) on the yield and physicochemical and antioxidant properties of cold pressed flaxseed oil were assessed. The oil yield (35.2-38.0%) from enzyme-treated cold pressed flaxseeds (ETCPF), although lower than Soxhlet extracted oil (SEO) yield, was considerably higher when compared with the control (32.5%) while the contents of protein, fiber, and ash were unaffected by the enzymatic treatment. Most of the physicochemical parameters such as refractive index, density, iodine number, free fatty acid contents, saponification value, color and fatty acid profile did not vary significantly among the ETCPF oil, SEO and the control. Interestingly, the oxidation status in terms of peroxide value, para-anisidine value, conjugated dienes and triens and induction period (Rancimat method) as well as the...

Keeping in mind the ascribed repute of Diospyros malabarica (D. malabarica), this investigation was commenced to assess the effect of diverse solvents on extraction yields, phytochemical components and antioxidant capability, and in vitro biological activities of D. malabarica for pharmaceutically active constituents to combat various infections. To screen phytochemicals both qualitatively (flavonoids, terpenoid, saponins, tannins) and quantitatively like total phenolic and flavonoid contents, Diospyros malabarica parts include the following: root, leaves, bark, stem, ripe, and unripe fruit were sequentially extracted with organic solvents such as petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water in increasing order of polarity from less polar to more polar solvents. Furthermore, biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory were explored. The results revealed that all the tested solvents displayed a vital role in the extraction yield, the content of phytochemicals, and the studied biological activities. Methanol was found as the best solvent followed by the ethanol for the extraction, representing the highest extraction yield (18.3%), rich diversity of phytochemicals, and the highest total phenolic contents ( 602 ± 0.001   μ g EAG/mg of extract) and total flavonoid contents ( 455 ± 0.6   μ g EQ/mg of extract) in bark extract. Furthermore, methanol bark extract showed high in vitro antibacterial activity ( 30.25   mm ± 0.9 ), antifungal activity ( 18.25   mm ± 0.2 ), anticancer activity (48%), antidiabetic activity (68%) and anti-inflammatory activity (62%) followed by ethanol amongst other extracts of D. malabarica. Accordingly, methanol might be as an ideal solvent to get maximum content of phytochemicals, promising antioxidants, and in vitro biological activities from bark extract amongst other extracts of D. malabarica compared to pet ether, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane and may act as free radical rummager because phytochemical constituents exhibit antioxidant capability. Our findings suggest that phytochemical compounds (flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids) found in the bark extract of D. malabarica may be attributed to evaluate potent anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities.

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Background: Limited study on different organs of Diospyros kaki in biochemical figure of Pakistani plants still require considerable research activities due to its remarkable antioxidant properties. Objective: This study was an effort to characterize antioxidant properties regarding Diospyros kaki with special reference to its detailed biochemical analysis and linked health claim. Method: The biochemical analysis according to the role of certain bioactive molecules in different plant organs of Diospyros kaki viz enzymatic, non enzymatic antioxidants, hydrolytic enzymes and few other biochemical parameters such as total antioxidant activity, total oxidant status, total soluble sugars and protein along with pigments like chlorophyll ( total, a and b), carotenoids and lycopene were studied. Results: Among enzymatic antioxidant, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase along with protease activity, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic contents, tannins and pigments like chlorophyll (total, a and b) were observed highest in leaves. Unripe fruit showed significant α-amylase, ascorbic acid, non reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, total carotenoids, lycopene and significantly lowest total oxidant status. Similarly, remarkable highest amount of superoxide dismutase and proteins were predicted in ripe fruit whereas peroxidase activity and reducing sugars were investigated in bark. However, highest esterase activity was indicated in stem. Conclusion: Our present findings concluded the fact that leaves, bark, stem, ripe and unripe fruit of Diospyros kaki could be exploited in pharmacology due to sufficient presence of different antioxidants but large number of antioxidants reflected in leaves and unripe fruit extract make them more potent and profound therauptic agents. Future perspective: Keeping in mind the above facts and research findings, further pharmacological and biochemical explorations are needed to discover natural products.

Background: Limited study on different organs of Diospyros kaki in biochemical figure of Pakistani plants still require considerable research activities due to its remarkable antioxidant properties. Objective: This study was an effort to characterize antioxidant properties regarding Diospyros kaki with special reference to its detailed biochemical analysis and linked health claim. Method: The biochemical analysis according to the role of certain bioactive molecules in different plant organs of Diospyros kaki viz enzymatic, non enzymatic antioxidants, hydrolytic enzymes and few other biochemical parameters such as total antioxidant activity, total oxidant status, total soluble sugars and protein along with pigments like chlorophyll ( total, a and b), carotenoids and lycopene were studied. Results: Among enzymatic antioxidant, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase along with protease activity, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic contents, tannins and pigments like chlorophyll (total, a and b) were observed highest in leaves. Unripe fruit showed significant α-amylase, ascorbic acid, non reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, total carotenoids, lycopene and significantly lowest total oxidant status. Similarly, remarkable highest amount of superoxide dismutase and proteins were predicted in ripe fruit whereas peroxidase activity and reducing sugars were investigated in bark. However, highest esterase activity was indicated in stem. Conclusion: Our present findings concluded the fact that leaves, bark, stem, ripe and unripe fruit of Diospyros kaki could be exploited in pharmacology due to sufficient presence of different antioxidants but large number of antioxidants reflected in leaves and unripe fruit extract make them more potent and profound therauptic agents. Future perspective: Keeping in mind the above facts and research findings, further pharmacological and biochemical explorations are needed to discover natural products.