Due to the target of carbon neutrality, energy saving has become more important than ever. At the same time, the widespread use of distributed energy systems and the regional utilization of industrial waste heat leads to the existence of multiple heat sources in an area. Therefore, how to design an economical and reliable pipeline network to meet energy-saving demand under multiple heat source conditions becomes a problem. In this work, an optimization method is established to determine the optimal pipeline network topology with minimum total annual cost. In this optimization method, Star tree algorithm, Kruskal algorithm and GeoSteiner algorithm are combined with a linear programming model to establish a distributed energy pipeline network for multiple heat sources. The model incorporates Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree and Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree in the consideration of the topology optimization of Distributed Energy System pipeline networks. Four pipeline network topologies, STAR, Minimum Spanning Tree, Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree and Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree, are evaluated in this paper from economic and reliability perspectives. A case extracted from a real industrial park where steam is the medium is used to prove the validity of the model. The optimization results show that a Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree pipeline network has a lower total annual cost than three other types of pipeline network and ranks second in reliability. Considering the comprehensive economy and reliability, ESMT is the optimal pipeline network type of distributed energy system with steam as the medium.
The global games industry has undergone many important and far-reaching changes in the past few decades. In 1979, Atari's first home gaming console came out, and now consoles, personal computers, mobile smartphones or virtual reality, and other gaming platforms have achieved vigorous development in the market. The form of games has changed significantly in different dimensions, such as music, graphics, the complexity of the game types, and the network and sociality. Therefore, grasping the future development trend of the games market is crucial whether for the gaming platform brands' short-term or long-term corporate strategy. Breakthroughs in electronic products and Internet technology have made the content presented by the game more possibilities. Improvements in the performance of personal computers and mobile phones have enabled high-complexity games that could only be run on the consoles can be realized on the two formers. In addition, virtual reality or augmented reality technology has also changed the way players experience games. The popularity of network infrastructure allows players to conduct social activities in the games, rather than just focusing on the game content itself. Therefore, game console brands have various choices to implement their business transformation strategies to meet the challenges brought about by the changing trends of the games industry and the market. They can choose to improve the user experience of console hardware, or develop more social and customized games, or even shift their focus to other gaming platforms.
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