Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) have been extensively investigated for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at the restoration and treatment of orthopaedic as well as craniofacial conditions. In this first part of the review, we discuss the rationale for the necessary use of carrier systems to deliver rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 to sites of bone tissue regeneration and repair. General requirements for growth factor delivery systems emphasizing the distinction between localized and release-controlled delivery strategies are presented highlighting the current limitations in the development of an effective rhBMP delivery system applicable in clinical bone tissue engineering.

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Localized and release-controlled delivery systems for the sustained expression of the biologic potency of rhBMPs are essential. A substantial number of biomaterials have been investigated thus far. Most fail after implantation or administration mainly due to either being too soft, difficult to control and/or stabilize mechanically. In the second part of this review, we review a representative selection of rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 carrier materials and delivery systems ranging from simple nano/microparticles to complex 3-D scaffolds in sites of orthopaedic and craniofacial bone regeneration and repair.

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BackgroundDemand for shorter treatment time is common in orthodontic patients. Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) is a somewhat new surgical procedure which allows faster tooth movement via combining orthodontic forces with corticotomy and grafting of alveolar bone plates. Leukocyte and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) possess hard- and soft-tissue healing properties. Further, evidence of pain-inhibitory and anti-inflammatory potential is growing. Therefore, this study explores the feasibility, intra- and post-operative effects of using L-PRF in PAOO in terms of post-operative pain, inflammation, infection and post-orthodontic stability.Material and MethodsA pilot prospective observational study involving a cohort of 11 patients was carried out. A Wilcko’s modified PAOO technique with L-PRF (incorporated into the graft and as covering membrane) was performed with informed consent. Post-surgical pain, inflammation and infection were recorded for 10 days post-operatively, while the overall orthodontic treatment and post-treatment stability were followed up to 2 years.ResultsAccelerated wound healing with no signs of infection or adverse reactions was evident. Post-surgical pain was either “mild” (45.5%) or “moderate” (54.5%). Immediate post-surgical inflammation was either “mild” (89.9%) or “moderate” (9.1%). Resolution began on day 4 where most patients experienced either “mild” or no inflammation (72.7% and 9.1%, respectively). Complete resolution was achieved in all patients by day 8. The average orthodontic treatment time was 9.3 months. All cases were deemed stable for 2 years.ConclusionsL-PRF is simple and safe to use in PAOO. Combination with traditional bone grafts potentially accelerates wound healing and reduces post-surgical pain, inflammation, infection without interfering with tooth movement and/or post-orthodontic stability, over a 2 years period; thus alleviating the need for analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications. Key words:Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics, leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin, corticotomy, osteogenesis, grafts.

Abstract:Modern breakthroughs in the fields of proteomics and DNA micro-arrays have widened the horizons of nanotechnology for applications with peptides and nucleic acids. Hence, biomimetic interest in the study and formulation of nanoscaled bio-structures, -materials, -devices and -therapeutic agent delivery vehicles has been recently increasing. Many of the currently-investigated functionalized bio-nanosystems draw their inspiration from naturally-occurring phenomenon, prompting the integration of molecular signals and mimicking natural processes, at the cell, tissue and organ levels. Technologically, the ability to obtain spherical nanostructures exhibiting combinations of several properties that neither individual material possesses on its own renders colloidal core-shell architectured nanosystems particularly attractive. The three main developments presently foreseen in the nanomedicine sub-arena of nanobiotechnology are: sensorization (biosensors/ biodetection), diagnosis (biomarkers/bioimaging) and drug, protein or gene delivery (systemic vs. localized/targeted controlled-release systems). Advances in bio-applications such as cell-labelling/cell membrane modelling, agent delivery and targeting, tissue engineering, organ regeneration, nanoncology and immunoassay strategies, along the major limitations and potential future and advances are highlighted in this review. Herein, is an attempt to address some of the most recent works focusing on bio-inspired and -functional polymeric-based core-shell nanoparticulate systems aimed for agent OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2010, 2 324 324 delivery. It is founded, mostly, on specialized research and review articles that have emerged during the last ten years.Keywords: tissue engineering; quantum dots; drug delivery; dentistry; core-shell; liposomes; polymer; PLLA; biomedicine; nanoncology; nanofibers; bioimaging; biomimetic; biosensors; bone regeneration; glucose; nanoshell; artificial virus; amphiphilic co-polymers; ligand; micelles Abbreviations AL= alginate; BMP-7/OP-1 = bone morphogenetic protein -7/Osteogenic protein-1; CdSe = cadmium selenide; ZnS = zinc sulfide; CH = chitosan; GOD = glucose oxidase; HA = hyaluronic acid; IgG = Immunoglobulin G; L = liposome; L-b-L = layer-by-layer self-assembly technique; MPS = mononuclear phagocyte system; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; MW = molecular weight; nIR = near infra-red; NZW = New Zealand White; PAC = poly aluminum chloride (cationic); PCL = poly(ε-caprolactone); PEG = polyethylene glycol; PEO = polyethylene oxide; PGA = polyglycolic acid; PLA = polylactic acid; PLGA = poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PLLA = poly(l-lactide); PVA = poly (vinyl alcohol); PVP = polyvinylpyrrolidone; QDs = Quantum Dots; RES = reticulo-endothelial system; rh = recombinant human.

RESUMEN: COVID-19 es una enfermedad altamente contagiosa y potencialmente mortal que nos acompañara por largo tiempo. Las profesiones de la salud y la vida en general ha sido afectada de forma significativa en todo lugar del mundo. La odontología ha pasado de una etapa de gran desarrollo clínico a una etapa donde el manejo de barrera de protección, el control de tratamientos y el tiempo asignado a los pacientes cambiará la forma de realizar la profesión. El presente trabajo pretende resumir las indicaciones y recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia disponible y realizar un análisis de la condiciones de salud oral para Latinoamérica en esta época de pandemia.

Platelet-Rich fibrin (PRF) is a three-dimensional (3-D) autogenous biomaterial obtained via simple and rapid centrifugation from the patient’s whole blood samples, without including anti-coagulants, bovine thrombin, additives, or any gelifying agents. At the moment, it is safe to say that in oral and maxillofacial surgery, PRFs (particularly, the pure platelet-rich fibrin or P-PRF and leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin or L-PRF sub-families) are receiving the most attention, essentially because of their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendliness/malleability; they are a fairly new “revolutionary” step in second-generation therapies based on platelet concentration, indeed. Yet, the clinical effectiveness of such surgical adjuvants or regenerative platelet concentrate-based preparations continues to be highly debatable, primarily as a result of preparation protocol variability, limited evidence-based clinical literature, and/or poor understanding of bio-components and clinico-mechanical properties. To provide a practical update on the application of PRFs during oral surgery procedures, this critical review focuses on evidence obtained from human randomized and controlled clinical trials only. The aim is to serve the reader with current information on the clinical potential, limitations, challenges, and prospects of PRFs. Accordingly, reports often associate autologous PRFs with early bone formation and maturation; accelerated soft-tissue healing; and reduced post-surgical edema, pain, and discomfort. An advanced and original tool in regenerative dentistry, PRFs present a strong alternative and presumably cost-effective biomaterial for oro-maxillo-facial tissue (soft and hard) repair and regeneration. Yet, preparation protocols continue to be a source of confusion, thereby requiring revision and standardization. Moreover, to increase the validity, comprehension, and therapeutic potential of the reported findings or observations, a decent analysis of the mechanico-rheological properties, bio-components, and their bioactive function is eagerly needed and awaited; afterwards, the field can progress toward a brand-new era of “super” oro-dental biomaterials and bioscaffolds for use in oral and maxillofacial tissue repair and regeneration, and beyond.