A pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection broke out all over the world; however, epidemiological data and viral shedding in pediatric patients are limited. We conducted a retrospective, Chun-Zhen Hua and Zi-Ping Miao contributed equally to this study.

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There are periodical norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis outbreaks around the world. This study aimed to analyze the molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus infections in China during 2006–2016. We extracted epidemiological data from 132 norovirus outbreaks and the norovirus genotyping for 1291 sequences in China over the past ten years. A total of 132 norovirus outbreaks (8133 cases) were reported in China, where the east and south regions were most affected [47.7% (63/132)]. The highest number of outbreaks occurred in 2015. A seasonal pattern has been observed, with a peak from November to the following March. Most of the outbreaks occurred in middle and primary schools, accounting for 28.8% (38/132), and 28.0% (37/132) of outbreaks, respectively. The dominant age group was 10 to 19 years old, responsible for 75.7% (933/1232) of cases. Generally, the dominant genotypes was GII, for 81.9% (1058/1291) of sequences. G II.4 was the predominant genotype in China from 2004 to 2014. However, the GII.17 became more prevalent starting in 2014. Norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis increased sharply in recent years caused by the emergence of GII.17, but epidemiological features have not changed during 2006–2016. Vigilant surveillance should be strengthened to promptly detect any variation.

Enteroviruses (EV) have been increasingly identified as the causative agent for unknown etiological encephalitis in many parts of the world, but the long period surveillance for enterovirus-associated encephalitis (EAE) was not reported in China. From 2002-2012 in Zhejiang, Coxsackieviruses A9, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5; and echoviruses 3, 4, 6, 9, 14, 25, 30 were detected from the unknown etiological encephalitis cases, with coxsackievirus B4 been identified here for the first time. From 2002-2004 and 2010-2012, echovirus 30 was found to be the periodically predominant serotype for in the EAE. The molecular typing results showed that all the EV isolates from this study belonged to the human EV B (HEV B) family and were distributed in three clusters.

Background: Recently, both sporadic and outbreak aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses have been reported in Zhejiang Province based on a surveillance system. Methods: This study analysed the epidemiologic features, phylogenetic characteristics and prevalence of enterovirus neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) from 2014 to 2017 in Zhejiang Province. Results: A total of 584 samples were collected. Males accounted for 66.07% while females accounted for 33.93%. The median age was 6 years (range: 1-15 years). Cases peaked in May and August (81.17%) and 162 cases (28.93%) occurred in June. We detected 15 serotypes, some of which (E6, E9, E18 and E30) were the dominant serotypes prevalent in different years and geographical regions. Phylogenetic results revealed that all of the isolates from this study belonged to the human enterovirus B family. A total of 329 subjects sampled from a healthy population were tested for nAbs against B5, E6 and E30 in Rui'an county in 2015. The seropositive rate of E30 in each age group was significantly higher than that of the other serotypes. Conclusion: Enterovirus-associated encephalitis pathogens circulating in Zhejiang caused sporadic aseptic meningitis in children. The level of nAbs against human enterovirus reflects the history of previous infections in different age groups. Therefore, additional surveillance sites and more precise seroprevalence studies based on these populations are required to gain better insight into the epidemiology of enterovirus-associated encephalitis in Zhejiang Province.