Free-standing three-dimensional hierarchical porous reduced graphene oxide foam (RGO-F) was first fabricated by a “dipping and dry” method using nickel foam as a template.

A brief exposure of skin to a low-power, non-tissue damaging laser light has been demonstrated to augment immune responses to intradermal vaccination. Both preclinical and clinical studies show that this approach is simple, effective, safe and well tolerated compared to standard chemical or biological adjuvants. Until now, these laser exposures have been performed using a diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) devices, which are expensive and require labor-intensive maintenance and special training. Development of an inexpensive, easy-to-use and small device would form an important step in translating this technology toward clinical application Here we report that we have established a handheld, near-infrared (NIR) laser device using semiconductor diodes emitting either 1061, 1258, or 1301 nm light that costs less than $4,000, and that this device replicates the adjuvant effect of a DPSSL system in a mouse model of influenza vaccination. Our results also indicate that a broader range of NIR laser wavelengths possess the ability to enhance vaccine immune responses, allowing engineering options for the device design. This small, low-cost device establishes the feasibility of using a laser adjuvant approach for mass-vaccination programs in a clinical setting, opens the door for broader testing of this technology with a variety of vaccines and forms the foundation for development of devices ready for use in the clinic.

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Two types of ternary composites were fabricated by reversing the deposition sequence of polyaniline (PANI) and MnO 2 layers on plasma treated carbon cloth (m-CC), i.e., PANI@MnO 2 @m-CC and MnO 2 @PANI@m-CC. By comparison, PANI@MnO 2 @m-CC displayed a unique porous structure and possessed a better electrochemical performance than that of MnO 2 @PANI@m-CC. The morphological transformation of MnO 2 petals into nanoparticles while anchoring PANI nanorods increases the interactions between the two pseudoactive materials. An asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated by using PANI@MnO 2 @m-CC as the positive electrode and activated microwave exfoliated graphite oxide ('a-MEGO') @m-CC as the negative electrode. The asymmetric supercapacitor showed a maximum energy density of 33.9 Wh/kg (at a power density of 319.0 W/kg) and power density of 17.2 kW/kg (at an energy density of 14.3 Wh/kg) at an operating voltage of 2.0 V, suggesting PANI@MnO 2 @m-CC is a promising electrode candidate for supercapacitors.

Manganese oxide/carbon nanofiber (MnO x /CNF) composites were successfully fabricated as freestanding electrodes through incorporating different manganese sources of nanostructured MnO 2 or Mn(CH 3 COO) 2 $4H 2 O into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution by electrospinning and a subsequent carbonization method. The MnO 2 with a rod-like hierarchical core-corona nanostructure was selfprepared by a hydrothermal method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to control the size and morphology of nanoparticles. The morphologies and structures of the MnO x /CNF composites were characterized by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. MnO x /CNFs produced from Mn(CH 3 COO) 2 $4H 2 O exhibited good flexibility with uniform dispersion of small MnO x particles in the loose structures of the CNFs. In contrast, MnO x /CNFs derived from MnO 2 displayed relative brittle mechanical properties. The electrochemical performances of the two composites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charging/discharging and impedance measurement techniques. The resulting MnO x /CNFs demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance with great rate capability, low internal resistance and long-term cycling stability. Composites produced from Mn(CH 3 COO) 2 $4H 2 O delivered a specific capacitance of 211 F g À1 at 0.25A g À1 in 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte These results suggest that such freestanding MnO x /CNF composites would be promising electrodes for highperformance supercapacitors.

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