In the coming decades, rice production needs to be carried out sustainably to keep the balance between profitability margins and essential resource input costs. Many fertilizers, such as N, depend primarily on fossil fuels, whereas P comes from rock phosphates. How long these reserves will last and sustain agriculture remains to be seen. Therefore, current agricultural food production under such conditions remains an enormous and colossal challenge. Researchers have been trying to identify nutrient use-efficient varieties over the past few decades with limited success. The concept of nutrient use efficiency is being revisited to understand the molecular genetic basis, while much of it is not entirely understood yet. However, significant achievements have recently been observed at the molecular level in nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. Breeding teams are trying to incorporate these valuable QTLs and genes into their rice breeding programs. In this review, we seek to identify the achievements and the progress made so far in the fields of genetics, molecular breeding and biotechnology, especially for nutrient use efficiency in rice.

Background Arsenic (As) is an unwanted toxic mineral that threatens the major rice-growing regions in the world, especially in South Asia. Rice production in Bangladesh and India depends on As-contaminated groundwater sources for irrigating paddy fields, resulting in elevated amounts of As in the topsoil. Arsenic accumulating in rice plants has a significant negative effect on human and animal health. Here, we present a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping study to identify candidate genes conferring As toxicity tolerance and accumulation in rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) seedlings. An early backcross breeding population consisting of 194 lines derived from a cross between WTR1 ( indica) and Hao-an-nong (japonica ) was grown in hydroponics for 25 days, from the seventh day exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of 10 ppm As. Results Arsenic toxicity leads to significantly negative plant responses, including reduced biomass, stunted plant growth, reduced leaf chlorophyll content, and increased shoot As concentration ranging from 9 to 20 mg kg − 1 . Marker-trait association was determined for seven As-related traits using 704 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from a 6 K SNP-array. One QTL was mapped on chromosome 1 for relative chlorophyll content, two QTLs for As content in roots were mapped on chromosome 8, and six QTLs for As content in shoots were mapped on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, and 9. Using the whole-genome sequence of the parents, we narrowed down the number of candidate genes associated with the QTL intervals based on the existence of a non-synonymous mutation in genes between the parental lines. Also, by using publicly available gene expression profiles for As stress, we further narrowed down the number of candidate genes in the QTL intervals by comparing the expression profiles of genes under As stress and control conditions. Twenty-five genes showing transcription regulation were considered as candidate gene nominees for As toxicity-related traits. Conclusions Our study provides insight into the genetic basis of As tolerance and uptake in the early seedling stage of rice. Comparing our findings with the previously reported QTLs for As toxicity stress in rice, we identified some novel and co-localized QTLs associated with As stress. Also, the mapped QTLs harbor gene models of known function associated with stress responses, metal homeostasis, and transporter activity in rice. Overall, our findings will assist breeders with initial marker information to develop suitable varieties for As-contaminated ecosystems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-019-0321-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The development of rice cultivars with nutrient use efficiency (NuUE) is highly crucial for sustaining global rice production in Asia and Africa. However, this requires a better understanding of the genetics of NuUE-related traits and their relationship to grain yield. In this study, simultaneous efforts were made to develop nutrient use efficient rice cultivars and to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing NuUE-related traits in rice. A total of 230 BC1F5 introgression lines (ILs) were developed from a single early backcross population involving Weed Tolerant Rice 1, as the recipient parent, and Hao-an-nong, as the donor parent. The ILs were cultivated in field conditions with a different combination of fertilizer schedule under six nutrient conditions: minus nitrogen (–N), minus phosphorus (–P), (–NP), minus nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (–NPK), 75% of recommended nitrogen (75N), and NPK. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences (p < 0.01) were noted among ILs and treatments for all traits. A high-density linkage map was constructed by using 704 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 49 main-effect QTLs were identified on all chromosomes, except on chromosome 7, 11 and 12, which are showing 20.25% to 34.68% of phenotypic variation. With further analysis of these QTLs, we refined them to four top hotspot QTLs (QTL harbor-I to IV) located on chromosomes 3, 5, 9, and 11. However, we identified four novel putative QTLs for agronomic efficiency (AE) and 22 QTLs for partial factor productivity (PFP) under –P and 75N conditions. These interval regions of QTLs, several transporters and genes are located that were involved in nutrient uptake from soil to plant organs and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further, the validation of these potential QTLs, genes may provide remarkable value for marker-aided selection and pyramiding of multiple QTLs, which would provide supporting evidence for the enhancement of grain yield and cloning of NuUE tolerance-responsive genes in rice.

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To develop green super rice varieties with high and stable yields under the rainfed conditions and improved nutrient use efficiency (NuUE), a modified backcross (BC) breeding approach was adopted using a high yielding and widely adaptable Xian variety, WTR1, as the recipient and a Geng variety, HAN, as the donor. Starting from the BC1F2 generation, the BC population had gone through one generation of selection under the IG, LI and RF conditions, followed by consecutive four generations of screening and selection for high GY under six different nutrient conditions, leading to the development of 230 BC1F6 introgression lines (ILs). The final evaluation of the 230 ILs under the six nutrient conditions identified many ILs with improved yields under various combinations of nutrient deficient conditions, including 12 promising lines that had significantly improved NuUE under two or more nutrient deficiency conditions. Our results demonstrated an efficient inter-subspecific BC breeding procedure with first round selection under the rainfed-drought condition followed by four generations of progeny testing for yield performances under six different nutrient conditions. The promising ILs were studied under replicated yield trials under 75N and -NPK conditions for developing high yield rice varieties with improved NuUE. Our results indicated that NuUE in rice was controlled by complex genetic and physiological mechanisms and the developed ILs provided useful materials for genetic and molecular dissection of NuUE in rice.

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De-husked rice of four rice varieties viz., Iratom24, BRRI dhan 58, BRRI dhan 62 and Binnatoa was used to observe their regeneration efficacy and produce somaclones. MS supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators; MS + 2,4-D + BAP + NAA, MS + BAP + NAA + Kn + IAA and MS + IBA were used for callus induction, shoot regeneration and root induction, respectively. Transcendent frequency of callus was obtained in BRRI dhan58 (80.95%). MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/l 2, 4-D + 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA was found as the best for callus induction in BRRI dhan58. Maximum nutrient of shoot was found in BRRI dhan62 (80%) followed by BRRI dhan58 (66.66%). For shoot regeneration, MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l Kn + 0.5 mg/l IAA performed better compared to other growth regulator combinations were tested. The highest numbers of roots were produced in all varieties under MS + 0.5 mg/l IBA media. BRRI dhan58 showed maximum number of plants was established at field condition after hardening. A total of 11, 17, 5 and 3 tissue derived plants was established in filed condition from Iratom24, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan62 and Binnatoa, respectively. Among the tissue culture variants, the variant number 36 derived from Binnatoa had the highest Fe 26.93 and 21.51 mg/l and Zn 42.67 and 38.84 mg/l contents in brown and polished rice grain, respectively. This high iron coupled with zinc content rice line could be the potential breeding material for developing Fe and Zn enriched rice cultivar. 162 Al-Noor et al. Oinam GS and Kothari SL (1993) Genotypic differences in embryogenic callus formation and plant regeneration in Indica rice. International Rice Research Notes 18: 9-10. Reddy M, Turaidar V, Krupa KN, Anantapur R, Bharani SS and Dalawai N (2018) Enhancement of iron and zinc in rice grain through biofortification approach. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science 7: 628-637. Sabuktagin R, Tahmid A, Ahmed SR, Nurul A, Shamsir A, Santhia I, Ireen AC, Fatima PC and Mustafizur R (2016) Status of zinc nutrition in Bangladesh: The underlying associations. Journal of Nutritional Science. 5: 25. Shahnewaz S, Bari M.A, Siddique NA and Rahman MH (2010) Effects of genotype on induction of callus and plant regeneration potential in vitro anther culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7: 235-237. Utz HF (2007) PLABSTAT: A computer program for statistical analysis of plant breeding experiments.