The purpose of this current study was to examine the undocumented motives of the first-year science and nonscience student teachers from seven different undergraduate teacher education programs in one public university, Jambi, Indonesia. Data were collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. A total of 593 completed questionnaires received from participants who enrolled in seven different undergraduate teacher education programs (biology, chemistry, economics English, history, mathematics, and physics education programs). Interview data were obtained from eighteen participants who were willing to be interviewed. The frequency of each statement was computed and expressed as percentage of its total score while interview data were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and carefully analysed. Our findings indicated that the first-year student teachers" interpretations of their motives for entering teacher education programs were quantitatively and qualitatively interwoven among altruistic, intrinsic, and extrinsic motives across participants. Policy implications are also discussed.

Purpose: Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries of the world according to the Committee of Development Policy, a panel of the UN General Assembly. This study aims to explore the status of economic graduation and development of Bangladesh from the Least Development Countries (LDC) category to Middle Income Country (MIC). This study intends to contribute the debate regarding the graduation status of Bangladesh and briefly clarifies the difference of classification by highlighting implementation challenges, obstacles after graduation, preparedness and measures for gaining better graduation. Methodology: A qualitative approach has been used in this study. This study is based on secondary data obtained from various reliable sources. The study also has consulted various policy papers, journal articles, report and working papers of international organizations. Results: The study reveals that the country has attained the three-vulnerability criteria-GNI per capita, Human Asset Index, and Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) for graduating the LDC status. According to the procedure, Bangladesh has been declared a time of three years period from 2018 to 2021 for upgrading the current progress. Originality/Value: This study also focuses on the benefits of crossing the least development country (LDC) line, the implications of the economy in middle income country (MIC) status and the risk factors. Practical implications: The study suggests that a continuous effort should be given by the government by gaining experience from another developed country to reduce risk factors to ensure sustention of current progress not only for the observation period but also for extensive development.

Democracy is a sine qua non for the administration of a modern State. Modern developed countries are trying to flourish the democratic culture in every sphere of their stately actions. The framers of the Constitution of Bangladesh have made many provisions ensuring the true democracy in many Articles of the Constitution. As part of these, Preamble, Articles 7, 9, 11 and 59 deal with the democratic character of the government. On the other hand, Article 39 deals with the freedom of speech. But Article 70 puts a barrier on the exercise of freedom of vote of the Members of Parliament against his party decision. The provisions of Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh are pushing the democracy in a back seat. This provision does not help the Parliament to uphold the democratic values of the Constitution. By this provision, the freedom of speech as enunciated in Article 39 of the Constitution becomes a useless tool in respect of giving vote inside the Parliament. This study seeks to find out the relation among democracy, freedom of speech and floor-crossing, to examine the desirability of the provision of floorcrossing, to explore the bad effects of Article 70 in democratic culture of in Bangladesh and to find out the possible way of solving this problem. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nujl.v1i0.18523 Northern University Journal of Law Vol.1 2010: 24-38

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