The review considers the variety allotropes of carbon to be used as supports for palladium and investigation of the resulting catalysts for carbon‐carbon forming reactions with focus on the catalyst recovery and effect of the solvent, base and catalyst loading in the efficiency of reactions. Specially, carbon nanotubes, C60 and graphene allowed the covalent functionalization with different ligands for palladium facilitating a lower leaching. Magnetic iron nanoparticles can be easily covered by charcoal, graphene oxide and carbon quantum dots facilitating the recovery of the supported catalyst. These heterogeneous catalysts are able to activate even aryl chlorides in cross‐coupling reactions such as Suzuki‐Miyaura, Mizoroki‐Heck and Sonogashira‐Hagihara in organic but also in aqueous media. All these features favoured the applicability of the materials for industrial processes.
Nowadays one of the great challenges is to design new bimetallic catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity, selectivity and recycling properties. In this work, the preparation of new Co/Cu bimetallic Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (Co‐Cu/ZIF) as an efficient catalyst for the reduction of nitro compounds and organic dyes is described. Co‐Cu/ZIF was characterized with different techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, TGA, FT‐IR and UV–vis absorption indicating formation of entirely uniform cubic particles. Using this catalyst, structurally different aromatic nitro compounds were reduced efficiently to corresponding amines in excellent yields. Kinetic studies revealed that the reduction rates of nitrophenol isomers follow 3‐NP > 4‐NP > 2‐NP order. The catalytic activity of Co‐Cu/ZIF was further investigated in the reduction of organic dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB). This catalyst was recycled for at least ten runs in the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol without a noticeable decrease in activity and reused catalyst was characterized.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.