Over the last ten years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgments of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries, and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods, correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution.

As a clean energy carrier, hydrogen has priority in decarbonization to build sustainable and carbon-neutral economies due to high energy density and no any pollutant emission upon combustion. Electrochemical water...

Natural biomolecules have potential as proton-conducting materials, in which the hydrogen-bond networks can facilitate proton transportation. Herein, a biomolecule/metal-organic framework (MOF) approach to develop hybrid proton-conductive membranes is reported. Single-strand DNA molecules are introduced into DNA@ZIF-8 membranes through a solid-confined conversion process. The DNA-threaded ZIF-8 membrane exhibits high proton conductivity of 3.40 × 10 S cm at 25 °C and the highest one ever reported of 0.17 S cm at 75 °C, under 97% relatively humidity, attributed to the formed hydrogen-bond networks between the DNA molecules and the water molecules inside the cavities of the ZIF-8, but very low methanol permeability of 1.25 × 10 cm s due to the small pore entrance of the DNA@ZIF-8 membranes. The selectivity of the DNA@ZIF-8 membrane is thus significantly higher than that of developed proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells. After assembling the DNA@ZIF-8 hybrid membrane into direct methanol fuel cells, it exhibits a power density of 9.87 mW cm . This is the first MOF-based proton-conductivity membrane used for direct methanol fuel cells, providing bright promise for such hybrid membranes in this application.

Amine functionalized holey graphene (AFHG), synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of GO and ammonia and the subsequent KOH etching, has been used as a metal-free catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It shows that AFHG is highly active for the ORR and exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity than graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) and amine functionalized graphene (AFG), which could be demonstrated from its higher current density and more positive halfwave and onset potentials for the ORR. Although AFHG also exhibits a slightly higher overpotential towards ORR, it is indeed more kinetically facile than the commercial JM Pt/C 40 wt%. Its higher electrochemical performance could be attributed to the presence of the electron donating group (e.g. amine) and a large number of holes in its sheet plate and the porous structure in its randomly stacked solid, which provide AFHG with higher electrical conductivity, more active edge N atoms and easier accessibility to oxygen, respectively. The stability measurements show that AFHG is more stable than graphene, NG, AFG and the JM Pt/C 40 wt% and exhibits higher immunity towards methanol crossover and CO poisoning than the JM Pt/C 40 wt%. Over 10 h of the ORR, AFHG loses only <7% of its original activity in the absence of methanol or CO, and the introduction of methanol or CO has no effect on its oxygen reduction activity, which makes it highly desirable as a metal-free catalyst for the ORR.

Co3O4-coated N- and B-doped graphene hollow spheres synthesized by a simple and scalable method have been used as electrocatalysts for the ORR and the OER, demonstrating higher electrochemical performance and better durability than commercial Pt/C and RuO2/C, respectively.

This work reports a novel approach for the synthesis of FeCo alloy nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in the N,P-codoped carbon coated nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NPC/FeCo@NCNTs). Specifically, the synthesis of NCNT is achieved by the calcination of graphene oxide-coated polystyrene spheres with Fe 3+ , Co 2+ and melamine adsorbed, during which graphene oxide is transformed into carbon nanotubes and simultaneously nitrogen is doped into the graphitic structure. The NPC/FeCo@NCNT is demonstrated to be an efficient and durable bifunctional catalyst for oxygen evolution (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It only needs an overpotential of 339.5 mV to deliver 10 mA cm −2 for OER and an onset potential of 0.92 V to drive ORR. Its bifunctional catalytic activities outperform those of the composite catalyst Pt/C + RuO 2 and most bifunctional catalysts reported. The experimental results and density functional theory calculations have demonstrated that the interplay between FeCo NPs and NCNT and the presence of N,P-codoped carbon structure play important roles in increasing the catalytic activities of the NPC/FeCo@NCNT. More impressively, the NPC/FeCo@NCNT can be used as the air-electrode catalyst, improving the performance of rechargeable liquid and flexible all-solid-state zinc-air batteries.

Development of inexpensive, efficient, and stable nonprecious-metal-based bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution (OER) reactions remains an enormous challenge. This work reports on an excellent bifunctional electrocatalyst consisting of ultrathin N-doped carbon (1–3 graphitic carbon layers) coated Fe1.2Co nanoparticles and N-doped carbon nanotubes (Fe1.2Co@NC/NCNTs). The Fe1.2Co@NC/NCNTs have an extremely low Fe/Co content (6.7 wt %), but with highly efficient and durable bifunctionality for ORR and OER. Specifically, the Fe1.2Co@NC/NCNT exhibits onset potential (E onset = 0.842 V vs RHE) and half-wave potential (E 1/2 = 0.82 V vs RHE) for ORR and onset potential of 1.43 V vs RHE and overpotential of 355 mV at 10 mA cm–2 for OER. The potential gap (ΔE) between E 1/2 of ORR and E OER at 10 mA cm–2 (E j=10) for the Fe1.2Co@NC/NCNTs is 0.765 V, which surpasses the commercial Pt/C and Ir/C catalysts and most state-of-the-art bifunctional catalysts previously reported. Most notably, when used in the Zn-air battery, the Fe1.2Co@NC/NCNT exhibits superior efficiency and durability to the Pt–Ir/C catalysts. This strongly suggests that the Fe1.2Co@NC/NCNT can be used as an efficient bifunctional catalyst with potential applications in the field of clean electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies.

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