Lithium-ion batteries have dominated the high performance and mobile market for last decade. Despite their dominance in many areas, the development of current commercial lithium-ion batteries is experiencing bottlenecks, limited by safety risks such as: leakage, burning, and even explosions due to the low-boiling point organic liquid electrolytes. Solid electrolyte is a promising option to solve or mitigate those issues. Among all solid electrolytes, polymer based solid electrolytes have the advantages of low flammability, good flexibility, excellent thermal stability, and high safety. Numerous researchers have focused on implementing solid polymer based Li-ion batteries with high performance. Nevertheless, low Li-ion conductivity and poor mechanical properties are still the main challenges in its commercial development. In order to tackle the issues and improve the overall performance, composites with external particles are widely investigated to form a polymer-based composite electrolyte. In light of their work, this review discusses the progress of polymer-based composite lithium ion's solid electrolytes. In particular, the structures, ionic conductivities, electrochemical/chemical stabilities, and fabrications of solid polymer electrolytes are introduced in the text and summarized at the end. On the basis of previous work, the perspectives of solid polymer electrolytes are provided especially toward the future of lithium ion batteries.

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cathode of LIBs. Recently, Li-rich cathode materials (LMNCO), x Li 2 MnO 3 ·(1 − x) LiTMO 2 (0 < x < 1, TM = Mn, Ni, Co, etc.), have received extensive attentions due to their promising reversible capacity (>250 mAh g −1 ), environmental benignity, and low cost. [3] Nevertheless, the sluggish diffusion of electrons and lithium ions within LMNCO results in electrode polarization and inferior rate capability. [4] It has been verified that the electrochemical performance of LMNCO is closely connected with the morphology and structure, thereby rational design and control of the formation process for LMNCO is considered to be an effective route to enhance the capacity retention and rate capability. [5][6][7][8][9] On the basis of this, extensive efforts have been devoted to develop nanometersized materials and great progresses have been achieved over the past several years, such as construction of nanoplates, [5] nanowires, [10] nanoparticles, [11] and nanorods, [12] which possess a short Li + diffusion pathway thanks to their diminished dimensions. However, severely undesired side reactions between nanoscale electrode/electrolyte are detrimental to structural stability. [13] In order to address these challenges of nanometer-sized materials, hierarchical micro/nano-materials have been developed recently. [14][15][16] Hierarchical LMNCO possessed stable framework of micro-materials can achieve the prolonged cycle life through reducing interfacial reaction with electrolytes. [16] However, individual hierarchical structure strategy may be not enough, as the rate capability and cycling stability of the hierarchical LMNCO still need to be further improved. [17,18] Recent reports have evidenced two-dimensional (2D) nanostructure owns the advantages of open electrons and ions transport path, high active surface area, and excellent structure stability by accommodating the drastic volume evolution, which makes it applicable for ultrahigh-rate and cycling-stable lithium storage. [19][20][21] In addition, 2D nanosheets often have large exposed surface areas and specific facets. [22,23] It has been reported that in LMNCO cathodes, if the surfaces are parallel to {010} facets (e.g., (010), (100), and (110) planes), perpendicular to (001) plane, the Li + diffusion kinetics will be substantially strengthened. [15,16,24,25] Consequently, the synergistic effect of the 2D nanosheets, hierarchical structure, and Li-rich oxide is a promising candidate for the cathodes of next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, its utilization is restricted by cycling instability and inferior rate capability. To tackle these issues, three-dimensional (3D), hierarchical, cube-maze-like Li-rich cathodes assembled from two-dimensional (2D), thin nanosheets with exposed {010} active planes, are developed by a facile hydrothermal approach. Benefiting from their unique architecture, 3D cube-maze-like cathodes demonstrate a superior reversible capacity (285.3 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C, 133.4 mAh g −1 at 20.0 C) and a great cycle stability (capacity retention of ...

N 6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) regulators are involved in the progression of various cancers via regulating m 6 A modification. However, the potential role and mechanism of the m 6 A modification in osteosarcoma remains obscure. In this study, WTAP was found to be highly expressed in osteosarcoma tissue and it was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in osteosarcoma. Functionally, WTAP, as an oncogene, was involved in the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma in vitro and vivo. Mechanistically, M 6 A dot blot, RNA-seq and MeRIP-seq, MeRIP-qRT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays showed that HMBOX1 was identified as the target gene of WTAP, which regulated HMBOX1 stability depending on m 6 A modification at the 3′UTR of HMBOX1 mRNA. In addition, HMBOX1 expression was downregulated in osteosarcoma and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in osteosarcoma patients. Silenced HMBOX1 evidently attenuated shWTAP-mediated suppression on osteosarcoma growth and metastasis in vivo and vitro. Finally, WTAP/HMBOX1 regulated osteosarcoma growth and metastasis via PI3K/AKT pathway. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the critical role of the WTAP-mediated m 6 A modification in the progression of osteosarcoma, which could provide novel insights into osteosarcoma treatment.

Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis (LFJ OA) is regarded as one of the common causes of low back pain (LBP). The pathogenesis and underlying mechanism of this disease are largely unknown, there is still no effective disease‐modifying therapy. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the pathogenesis and behavioral signs of LBP in the LFJ OA mouse model. The pathogenetic change in cartilage and aberrant nerve invasion in the subchondral bone of LFJ in a mouse model after treatment with BMSC‐exosomes was evaluated. BMSC‐exosomes could relieve pain via abrogation of aberrant CGRP‐positive nerve and abnormal H‐type vessel formation in the subchondral bone of LFJ. Moreover, BMSC‐exosomes attenuated cartilage degeneration and inhibited tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase expression and RANKL‐RANK‐TRAF6 signaling activation to facilitate subchondral bone remodeling. These results indicated that BMSC‐exosomes could relive behavioral signs of LBP and pathological processes in LFJ OA. BMSC‐exosomes have a prominent protective effect and might be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of LFJ OA causing LBP. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:670–679, 2020

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The switch between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) plays a key role in aging-induced osteoporosis. In this study, miR-19a-3p was obviously downregulated in BMSCs from aged humans and mice. Overexpressed miR-19a-3p evidently reduced aginginduced bone loss in mice and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, while silenced miR-19a-3p manifestly increased aging-induced bone loss in mice and repressed osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Hoxa5 was significantly downregulated in the BMSCs from aged mice and contribute to miR-19a-3p-induced osteoblast differentiation as a direct target gene of miR-19a-3p. Furthermore, lncRNA Xist was found as a sponge of miR-19a-3p to repress BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our study reveals the critical role of the lncRNA Xist/miR-19a-3p/Hoxa5 pathway in aging-induced osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, indicating the potential therapeutic target for osteoporosis.

Tanshinone I (Tan I) is a widely used diterpene compound derived from the traditional Chinese herb Danshen. Increasing evidence suggests that it exhibits anti‐cancer activity in various human cancers. However, the in vitro and in vivo effects of Tan I on osteosarcoma (OS) remain inadequately elucidated, especially those against tumour metastasis. Our results showed that Tan I significantly inhibited OS cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, treatment with 10 and 20 mg/kg Tan I effectively suppressed tumour growth in subcutaneous xenografts and orthotopic xenograft mouse models. In addition, Tan I significantly inhibited tumour metastasis in intracardiac inoculation xenograft models. The results also showed that Tan I‐induced increased expression of the proapoptotic gene Bax and decreased expression of the anti‐apoptotic gene Bcl‐2 is the possible mechanism of its anti‐cancer effects. Tan I was also found to abolish the IL‐6‐mediated activation of the JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway. Conclusively, this study is the first to show that Tan I suppresses OS growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting it may be a potential novel and efficient drug candidate for the treatment of OS progression.