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Acid stimulation is a promising method in improving coal seam permeability by demineralization in coal cleats. However, using conventional acids such as HCl and mud acid (12 wt.% HCl + 3 wt.% HF) may cause clay breakage, migration, and precipitation, leading to formation damage. In this study, we investigated the effect of L‐glutamic acid N, N‐diacetic acid (GLDA) chelating agent treatment on the dissolution behaviour of lignite (Coal L) and anthracite (Coal A), collected from Er′Lian Basin and Qinshui Basin, China. Characteristics of the raw and acid treated coal samples, including mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results as well as metal elements distribution analysis of reacted leachates, micromorphology, mineral composition, and mass change were taken into consideration. It was found that high‐rank Coal A is more suitable for chemical stimulation. For both Coal L and Coal A, 5 wt.% GLDA solution is preferred to avoid sticking reaction products. Total porosities of Coal L and Coal A were increased by 3.9 and 1.1 times, respectively. Based on the water chemistry analysis of the reacted solutions, we found that acidic condition is beneficial for clay minerals and carbonates dissolution, while alkaline condition is favourable for the dissolution of quartz. Besides, the dissolution of minerals can trigger the release of trace elements, which is a potential environmental risk that needs to be taken into consideration before its in‐situ application in coal fields.

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Contamination of heavy metals (including the cadmium, Cd) in agricultural soils has become an increased issue, posing a threat to the crop safety and human health. In order to evaluate the contamination characteristics and bioavailability of Cd in the soil–crop systems from the East edge of the Dongting Lake, four kinds of agricultural products for typical crops (rice, peanut, sweet potato, and corn) and corresponding rhizosphere soils were collected and analyzed for the Cd concentrations. The technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) was applied to evaluate the Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere soils. Concentrations of Cd ranged from 0.04 to 2.95 mg/kg (average 0.24 mg/kg) with 73.9% sites above the background levels, especially for paddy soils. Cd concentrations in the agricultural products ranged from 0.01 to 2.19 mg/kg (average 0.18 mg/kg), with Cd enrichment observed in the peanut samples. No obvious correlations (R2 < 0.25) were observed between the Cd concentrations in the agricultural products and total Cd concentrations in the rhizosphere soils, this indicated that the total Cd concentrations in the soils cannot predict the concentrations in the agricultural products of crops. While the DGT measured Cd concentrations showed good correlations (R2 = 0.64–0.90) with the concentrations in the most agricultural products of crops, which may be used to evaluate the safety of the soil and further safety of the agricultural products of crops. Overall, DGT showed a good potential for prediction of heavy metal bioavailability in soil since the DGT technique can simulate the sustained supply of heavy metals from solid to liquid in the soils.

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Introduction: Venlafaxine is one of the most commonly used anti-depressant and antineoplastic drug. Previous studies have predicted venlafaxine as an anti-cancer compound, but the therapeutic effects of venlafaxine in melanoma have not yet been demonstrated. Nur77 is an orphan nuclear receptor that highly expressed in melanoma cells and can interact with Bcl-2 to convert Bcl-2 from an antiapoptotic to a pro-apoptotic protein.Method: We examined the effects of venlafaxine in MV3 cells in vitro and MV3 xenograft tumor in nude mice. Western-blot, PCR, TUNEL assay and immunofluorescence were used to reveal the growth of melanoma cells.Results: Here, our data revealed that venlafaxine could reduce the growth, and induce apoptosis of melanoma cells through a Nur77-dependent way. Our results also showed that treatment with venlafaxine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) potently inhibited the growth of melanoma cells in nude mice. Mechanistically, venlafaxine activated JNK1/2 signaling, induced Nur77 expressions and mitochondrial localization, thereby promoting apoptosis of melanoma cells. Knockdown of Nur77 and JNK1/2, or inhibition of JNK1/2 signaling with its inhibitor SP600125 attenuated the anti-cancer effects of venlafaxine.Conclusion: In summary, our results suggested venlafaxine as a potential therapy for melanoma.