One simple method to increase the light extraction from white organic light-emitting devices by using biomimetic silica antireflective surfaces is demonstrated. A silica cone array was directly etched on the opposite side of the indium–tin–oxide coated fused silica substrate. The antireflective surfaces can dramatically suppress the reflection loss and increase the transmission of light over a large range of wavelength and a large field of view. Using such surfaces, the luminance efficiency of the device in the normal direction is increased by a factor of 1.4 compared to that of the device using flat silica substrate.
This communication presents an efficient massively parallel finite element method solver for the solution of complex and electrically large electromagnetic problems with arbitrary structures. The solver makes use of a domain decomposition algorithm to decompose the original problem into several non-overlapping sub-domains that may be solved independently in parallel through the application of the corresponding transmission conditions on the interfaces of the adjacent sub-domains. A numerical exact mesh truncation algorithm called finite element-iterative integral equation evaluation, accelerated with multilevel fast multipole algorithm, is implemented to meet the highly accurate requirements of today's challenging simulations. What's more, a hybrid message passing interface and an open multi-processing parallel framework are designed to achieve large-scale parallel performance on supercomputers. Through several numerical examples, the accuracy, effectiveness, and scalability of the proposed solver will be demonstrated, achieving more than 60% parallel efficiency on an eight times CPU core scale (from 1280 to 10 240 cores). INDEX TERMS Finite element method (FEM), domain decomposition method (DDM), large-scale parallel computing, finite element-iterative integral equation evaluation (FE-IIEE), ten thousand CPU cores. 20346
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