Biomass is the only renewable organic carbon resource in nature, and the transformation of abundant biomass into various chemicals has received immense spotlight. As a novel generation of designer solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been widely used in biorefinery due to their excellent properties including low cost, easy preparation, and biodegradability. Although there have been some reports summarizing the performance of DESs for the transformation of biomass into various chemicals, few Reviews illuminate the relationship between the functional structure of DESs and catalytic conversion of biomass. Hence, this Minireview comprehensively summarizes the effects of the types of functional groups in DESs on catalytic conversion of biomass into furanic derivatives, such as carboxylic acid-based hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs), carbohydrate-based HBDs, polyalcohol-based HBDs, amine/ amide-based HBDs, spatial structure of HBDs, and various hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs). It also further summarizes the effects of adding different additives into the DESs on the synthesis of high value-added chemicals, including water, liquid inorganic acids, Lewis acids, heteropoly acids, and typical solid acids. Moreover, current challenges and prospects for the application of DESs in biomass conversion are provided.
Since then, lots of researches have been carried out to reveal the role of catechol in mussel adhesion behavior and devoted to incorporating the catechol functionality into synthetic materials. [7,8] Especially, catechol-metal-based materials have garnered considerable attention due to the strong interactions, diverse properties, and tunable structures. [9,10] Despite the interaction between catechol and metal ions is still not fully understood, significant progress has been made and many possible mechanisms have been proposed. The cross-linking process relies on versatile catechol-based chemistry.The synthetic catechol-metal-based materials usually exhibit excellent performance such as good adhesion, flexibility, conductivity, and high mechanical strength. [10][11][12] A wide consensus in relevant fields is that the type of metal ions is the main factor determining the properties of these materials. [13,14] This discovery raises the interest in exploring the unknown scientific and technical to synthetic novel catechol-metal-based functional materials. For example, the introduction of transition metal ions triggers efficient interactions with the catechol-containing groups. In the systems, the metal ions can act as chemical stimuli, cross-linking points, and tunable chelation ability. [15] As a typical example, iron ions (i.e., Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ) have an obvious effect on the coordination between metal ions and catechol groups. [16][17][18] In previous reports, many researchers have focused on the specific introduction of various metal ions into the catechol-metal system. [19,20] It provided a new opportunity for various applications, such as water purification, biomedical engineering, wearable device, and responsible sensor.Besides, various chemical structures of catechol, including natural plant-derived phenols (e.g., dopamine, gallic acid, tannic acid (TA), and lignin) [21][22][23] and synthetic phenolic molecules (e.g., polyphenol and poly-catechol), [24] is still a subject of debate. Over 8000 articles about catechol-containing chemistry have been published and lead to numerous breakthroughs in the fields of chemistry and materials. In catecholmetal systems, phenolic compounds display diverse properties, such as metal coordination, antioxidant activity through Catechol plays an important role in many systems by interacting with organic (e.g., amino acids) and inorganic (e.g., metal ions, metal oxides) compounds. Catechol cross-linked polymer networks exhibit significant mechanical strength, good adhesiveness, and life-like characteristics. Recently, catechol-metal coordination materials have aroused increasing interest in multifunctional applications. Numerous influential studies have demonstrated that the type of metal ions and the structure of phenolic (such as natural phenolic (e.g., tannic acid, gallic acid, and lignin) or synthetic catechol-containing polymers) play important roles in the formation of catechol-metal coordination complexes. Although catechol-metal-based materials have been successfully pr...
Utilizing the dramatic fluorescence difference between the P 2 O 7 :Ce,Tb and PO 4 :Ce,Tb nanoparticles, we proposed the onestep optical strategy for fast, sensitive identification of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the present work. In this strategy, the pyrophosphate (PPi) combined with the rare earth ions Ce 3+ , Tb 3+ for its high affinity to metal ions to generate P 2 O 7 :Ce,Tb nanoparticles, which exhibit the bright characteristic green emission of Tb 3+ , it origins from the efficient energy transfer from Ce 3+ to Tb 3+ , the whole process can almost be finished instantaneously. While in the presence of ALP, the enzyme substrate PPi can be broken down into PO 4 3− , which can also self-assemble with Ce 3+ , Tb 3+ ions to produce PO 4 :Ce,Tb nanoparticles, but with a much weaker green light of Tb 3+ , and the greater ALP concentration, the weaker green light can be obtained. Based on this, we proposed a facile optical platform for ALP sensing, compared with those reported probes, it avoids the burdensome process of nanoparticle synthesis and target measurement. The experiment result shows that the fluorescence intensity of P 2 O 7 :Ce,Tb at 545 nm is linear to the concentration of ALP in a range of 0.25−250 U/L, and the detection limit is calculated to be 0.18 U/L. In addition, the excellent selectivity of the present strategy has been confirmed as well; the ALP activity suppression and the real serum sample test demonstrate its outstanding reliability forcibly.
A novel red phosphor KSr 4 (BO 3) 3 : Pr 3+ was prepared by using a solid-state reaction method, and its photoluminescence and charge compensator effect (Li +) were investigated. The synthesized phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanned electron microscope (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The as-prepared material indicates that Pr 3+ ions occupy Sr 2+ sites in the lattice of KSr 4 (BO 3) 3 with micron-scale irregular morphology. Their excitation bands at 449, 475 and 487 nm are originated from the transitions of 3
Novel luminescent materials Ca3-xSi2O7: xPr3+ were successfully prepared by the high-temperature solid-state method. The crystal structure, morphology, and optical spectrum were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD patterns of the samples indicate that the crystal structure is monoclinic symmetry. The SEM shows that the selected sample has good crystallinity although its appearance is irregular and scalelike. The peak of the excitation spectrum of the sample is located at around 449 nm, corresponding to 3H4→3P2 transition of Pr3+. The peak of the emission spectrum of the sample is situated at around 612 nm which is attributed to 3P0→3H6 transition of Pr3+, and the colour is orange-red. The optimum concentration for Pr3+ replaced Ca2+ sites in Ca3Si2O7: Pr3+ is 0.75 mol%. The lifetime (8.48 μs) of a typical sample (Ca2.9925Pr0.0075)Si2O7 is obtained. It reveals that orange-red phosphors Ca3-xSi2O7: xPr3+ possess remarkable optical properties and can be used in white light emitting devices.
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