Background: One of the most effective ways to decrease the burden of communicable diseases such as COVID-19 is vaccination but these days despite the availability of vaccine services the hesitancy of the vaccine and the delay of acceptance or rejection of vaccine from most developing countries remain as protection to initiate effective antibody. The aim of this study to assess nurses’ knowledge and attitude regarding COVID-19 vaccination before and after the training course of the health care centers in Sulaimani city. Materials and Methods: we have done a descriptive quantitative design study with a non-probability purposive sample of 74 nurses, The reliability instrument was decided using the internal consistency (Split half) approach. The collection of the data was revealed by using the interview technique, then presenting the training course to the participants and on the last day of the training the post-test was performed. Results: Most of the participants aged between 31-40 years old and were governmental employee’s female which graduated from the institute of nursing, had not been vaccinated yet; and were not trained regarding COVID-19 vaccination (82.4%, 81.1%, 54%, 91.9%, and 97.3%) respectively. (95.9%) of the participant’s knowledge and attitude before the training course regarding COVID-19 vaccination was low level, whereas after the training course the knowledge and attitude of them reach to the highest level 100%. Conclusion: The participant’s level of knowledge before the training course regarding COVID-19 vaccination was low levels, whereas after the training course their knowledge reach the highest level because of that the researchers recommended focusing on more training courses regarding COVID-19 vaccination by the Ministry of health/infection control department to develop their level of knowledge and attitude. Keywords: effect, simulation-based training course, covid-19 vaccine, nurse’s staff, knowledge, attitude

The playbook is more directed towards states than it is towards municipal public health, and indicates what the state should be thinking about as they build out their vaccination program plans. It is not a listing of expectations of municipal public health, but will inform what the state asks of local public health partners.Planning Assumptions for Jurisdictions.

Background: Entamoeba histolytica is a unicellular, protozoon parasite of humans. It moves by a jelly-like tongue-like protrusion of the cytoplasm “pseudopodium”. Infections by this parasite lead to distinct clinical manifestations, including diarrhea, mild abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fatigue, dysentery, and hepatic liver abscess. Methods: In this paper, we discussed about Entamoeba histolytica disease, its epidemiology, pathophysiology, hygiene, causes, risk factors, clinical manifestation and complications, method of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and incubation period in human body. Results: It is the second leading cause of death. It was diagnosed by taking a complete history and testing stool samples for the presence of E. histolytica cysts. It was treated pharmacologically and surgically. Conclusion: We have concluded that the Entamoeba histolytica is an infection mostly related to fecal-oral transmission due to poor hand hygiene, defecation into water sources such as rivers, and being near animals, and gay or bisexual males due to the risk of fecal-oral contamination through oral and anal sex. It is the second leading cause of death from parasitic intestinal disease worldwide. Key Words: Entamoeba histolytica, epidemiology, pathophysiology, hygiene, incubation period, human body

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide especially for healthcare professionals (HCPs). It is a potentially life-threatening condition because leads to liver infection, and liver cancer. There is a shortage of research on undergraduate students. The main aim of this study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge of health care professionals regarding HBV at Rania hospitals in the Kurdistan region of Iraq during the period of 20th October 2019 to 16th April 2020. Non- probability purposive sample of (303) HCPs; for data collection, the study instrument was constructed and designed through reading literature, books, and articles which included (42) items. Reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of stability reliability (test and retest) approach which was estimated as r = (0.83.)The data were collected through the use of the interview technique then organized and coded into computer files. Statistical approaches were uses for data analysis, which includes: descriptive and inferential statistics and chi-square, data analysis (SPSS version 25). The results indicated that the majority of the study samples were in the age group (≤ 30)) years and the female participants was more than male, three-quarters of the participants were married, most of them were graduated from institute nursing and less than half of HCPs had 6-10 years of employment, but the majority of the participants were not trained at all, and most of them had not immunized against HBV vaccine. Three-quarters of HCPs had moderate knowledge regarding HBV infection. Also, the current study demonstrated a significant association between the educational level and HCP's knowledge regarding HBV, at a P value less than 0.05. on site other hand, there was no significant association between HCP's age, gender, marital status, years of employment, and training course concerning hepatitis with the level of knowledge regarding HBV. The researchers recommended to the ministry of health and directorate of health in Rania city to complete vaccinate against HBV for all HCPs and participating their staff in healthy scientific issues and symposiums.