Edge computing (EC) has recently emerged as a promising paradigm that supports resource-hungry Internet of Things (IoT) applications with low latency services at the network edge. However, the limited capacity of computing resources at the edge server poses great challenges for scheduling application tasks. In this paper, a task scheduling problem is studied in the EC scenario, and multiple tasks are scheduled to virtual machines (VMs) configured at the edge server by maximizing the long-term task satisfaction degree (LTSD). The problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) for which the state, action, state transition, and reward are designed. We leverage deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to solve both time scheduling (i.e., the task execution order) and resource allocation (i.e., which VM the task is assigned to), considering the diversity of the tasks and the heterogeneity of available resources. A policy-based REINFORCE algorithm is proposed for the task scheduling problem, and a fully-connected neural network (FCN) is utilized to extract the features. Simulation results show that the proposed DRL-based task scheduling algorithm outperforms the existing methods in the literature in terms of the average task satisfaction degree and success ratio.
Telemedicine continues to be a viable solution for bridging geographic access gaps to a variety of specialty care. Users need assistance in understanding legal implications, care coordination, billing for services, and disaster data recovery. In rural areas, hospitals appear to best embody characteristics of facilities that successfully implement telemedicine and have the greatest degree of readiness.
The EU (European Union) and China are the two arguably most unusual powers in today's world: the EU as the most integrated regional association of states and China as the largest developing great power. As the post-Cold War American-led liberal world order is facing challenges from forces unleashed by the power transition and power diffusion in the international system, this article will look into the order-shaping roles of the EU and China, to identify their respective visions of a desirable world order and to conceptualize how the EU and China can make themselves 'building blocks' of a working world order through parallel, complementary and concerted order-shaping.Keywords: China; the EU; World Order; Sovereignty; Order-shapingThe world is changing and the world order seems to be in flux. If there was a prevailing 'American-led liberal hegemonic order' since the end of the Cold War, as John Ikenberry argued, that order is now in crisis. For Ikenberry, this crisis is one of authority or governance, but not of the basic principles of the liberal order. Therefore, he argues, with minor changes this order could be resurrected (Ikenberry, 2011). By contrast Henry Kissinger, in his book on world order, believed that this world order will be adapted to the new reality in the world. The pressing challenge for the human kind -or, in his words, 'the mystery to be overcome' -shared by all peoples is 'how divergent historic experiences and values can be shaped into a common order' (Kissinger, 2014, p. 9). Reflecting on the Ukraine crisis, prominent world figures have been concerned about the threatening scenario of a world in disorder. Former Soviet leader Gorbachev raised the question of whether the world is entering 'A New Cold War Order' (Gorbachev, 2015). Moreover, Kofi Annan, former secretary-general of the United Nations, made an appeal to world leaders to save the global order (Annan, 2015).This article discusses the current challenges facing a working world order, then investigates how the European Union (EU) and China, the two most unusual powers and key order-shapers in today's world, envisage a desirable world order from their own respective perspectives. The article will also discuss how the EU and China can collaborate in their order-shaping efforts to ensure a more peaceful and more progressive world order. I. World Order, Reorder and DisorderIn analysing the order of today's world, some scholars prefer to use the term 'international order'. In Oran Young's definition, 'International orders are broad framework arrangements governing the activities of all (or almost all) the members of international society over a wide range of specific issues' (Young, 1989, p. 13). To operationalize
A laboratory study was used to determine the form of the relationship between the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and the spectral reflectance (R,). It was hypothesized that when the SSC was high the relationship would be log-linear at short, visible wavelengths (where only a small portion of the radiation would be absorbed by water, and the reflectance asymptote would be reached at low levels of SSC) and linear at long, near-infrared wavelengths (where a large portion of the radiation would be absorbed by water and the reflectance asymptote would be reached at high levels of SSC). The data comprised spectral reflectance recorded in 875 wavebands from 350 to 2500 nm for eighteen sediment type/grain size samples, each at up to thirty SSC concentrations over a range of 0 to 1300mg 1-I The strong relationship between SSC and R, was, as hypothesized, log-linear for wavelengths from 450 to 700 nm and linear from 700 to 1050nm. The applicability of this information was illustrated in relation to the collection of data by the Daedalus 1268 multispectral scanner. It was recommended that in situations where a limited number of SSC measurements is available for the calibration of the SSC/R, relationship, a log-linear relationship be assumed for wavebands I to 5 and a linear relationship for wavebands 6 to 8.
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