Recent studies have revealed key roles for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) in embryo implantation process and maintenance of pregnancy, and some studies showed promising results by using local intrauterine infusion of GCSF in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). This multicenter, randomized, controlled trial included 112 infertile women with repeated IVF failure to evaluate the efficacy of systemic single-dose subcutaneous GCSF administration on IVF success in these women. In this study, the Long Protocol of ovarian stimulation was used for all participants. Sealed, numbered envelopes assigned 56 patients to receive subcutaneous 300 µg GCSF before implantation and 56 in the control group. The implantation (number of gestational sacs on the total number of transferred embryos), chemical pregnancy (positive serum β-HCG), and clinical pregnancy (gestational sac and fetal heart) rates were compared between the two groups. This trial is registered at www.irct.ir (IRCT201503119568N11). The successful implantation (18% vs 7.2%, P = 0.007), chemical pregnancy (44.6% vs 19.6%, P = 0.005), and clinical pregnancy (37.5% vs 14.3%, P = 0.005) rates were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. After adjustment for participants' age, endometrial thickness, good-quality oocyte counts, number of transferred embryos, and anti-Mullerian hormone levels, GCSF treatment remained significantly associated with successful implantation (OR = 2.63, 95% CI = 1.09-6.96), having chemical pregnancy (OR= 2.74, 95% CI = 1.11-7.38) and clinical pregnancy (OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.23-8.33). In conclusion, administration of single-dose systemic subcutaneous GCSF before implantation significantly increases the IVF success, implantation, and pregnancy rates in infertile women with repeated IVF failure.
The aromatase inhibitor letrozole appears to constitute a good alternative to CC-gonadotropin in patients with unexplained infertility undergoing COH cycles combined with IUI therapy.
Both vaginal misoprostol and high-dose i.v. oxytocin are highly effective in labor induction in second-trimester pregnancies with IUFD and an unripe cervix. However, vaginal misoprostol seems to be superior to i.v. oxytocin.
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