Methane-based nitridation was employed to produce wurtzite zinc-gallium oxynitride (ZnGaNO) photocatalyst particles using Zn/Ga/CO layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as precursor. Introduction of methane to nitridation would promote the formation of Zn-O bonding and suppress shallow acceptor complexes such as V-Ga and Ga-O in ZnGaNO particles. On the other hand, high flow rate of methane would induce breaking of Ga-N bonding and enhance surface deposition of metallic Ga atoms. After loading with Rh and RuO, ZnGaNO particles had free electron density in an order of S50 > S20 > S90 > S0, which correlated well with their photocatalytic performance upon visible-light irradiation. The best performance of the loaded S50 was ascribed to the relatively flat surface band bending of the particle. Methane-based nitridation of Zn/Ga/CO LDHs would provide a new route to tune the surface chemistry of ZnGaNO and enhance the photocatalytic performance to its full potential.
Bath-type ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) has been developed as one of the most important sample pretreatment methods, especially for batch-sample pretreatment. So far, however, requirements for the performance of bath-type UAE equipment have not been standardized, nor has a suitable evaluation method that can be used to judge the feasibility of ultrasonic equipment for extraction been presented in the available regulations or standards. A simple and efficient method that can be used to evaluate the performance of bath-type UAE equipment is necessary to be proposed and established. First, distribution of a sound field in ultrasonic equipment was measured by acoustimeter and the dyeing method, through which influencing factors including frequency, preheating time, and output power of the equipment, as well as the horizontal and vertical position for locating the sample in the equipment, were investigated, and optimized parameters for extraction were achieved. Then, through the aluminum foil lattice method, by calculating the perforated rate of the aluminum foil, cavitation intensity of the ultrasonic equipment can be quantitatively determined. With the optimized working conditions and by selecting appropriate parameters for the aluminum foil, perforated holes formed on the foil displayed a good pattern. Further validation experiments indicated conformity between the established method and the actual extraction effect of the ultrasonic equipment, proposing a suitable requirement for the cavitation effect of the bath-type UAE equipment. The aluminum foil lattice method has been proved to be simple, convenient, inexpensive, and reliable for quickly evaluating the extraction performance of bath-type UAE equipment.
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