Abbreviations: CK, no warming without nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; CK+N, no warming with N fertilizer at heading stage; DP, degree of polymerization; ET, elevated temperature without nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; ET+N, elevated temperature with nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; FATE, free-air temperature enhancement; IS, inferior spikelet; NFHS, nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; RVA, rapid viscosity analyzer; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; SS, superior spikelet; T max , the time to reach a maximum grain-filling rate.
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