No abstract

Introduction Hazelnut is one of the four major arboroid nuts in the world. There are about 20 species of hazelnuts, several species of hazelnuts such as C. America, C. avellana and C. colurna were widely cultivated in Asia, Europe and North America. Turkey is the world s leading producer of hazelnuts with a production of 400 000 tones, followed by European Union 145 000 tones , USA 37 200 tones and Azerbaijan 35 000 tones 1. In China, Hazelnut large area of cultivation is less, but there are wild varieties in the northeast and north of the mountains, Varieties are mainly Corylus heterophylla Fisch. and Corylus mandshurica Maxim. The main distribution of Corylus mandshurica Maxim is Hilly mountain in Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin provinces of China. The average single weight and diameter of Corylus mandshurica Maxim is about 0.9 g and 1.37 cm, respectively, which is smaller than other species of hazelnuts. Currently, Hazelnuts are mainly used in the manufacture of food products including candy, chocolate, biscuits and pastries 2. In addition, other widely consumed product from hazelnuts is hazelnut oil 3. Hazelnut oil could be used

Introduction Cereal grains are an important component of the human diet worldwide and play a significant role in human nutrition and health. Millet is an ancient cereal grain asides the major wheat, rice, maize, and is the staple diet in some parts of countries, especially in arid and semiarid areas 1 3 , owning to its short growing season, excellent resistance to pests and diseases, productivity under drought conditions, strong tolerance to drought and barren soil compared to other major cereals 4. It has been reported that millet possesses effective medical and nutritional functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory 5, 6. Millet also has the ability to lower the level of serum cholesterol for its highest amount of sitostanol among cereal grains 7. Major varieties of millet include sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, proso millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet and little millet 1, 4, 8. Foxtail millet Setaria italica L., abbreviated as FM is a small kernel, thin and long stem crop, and originated in North China, and is currently mostly cultivated in Japan,