Plants play an essential role in methane (CH 4) production, transport and release processes of constructed wetlands but as yet there has been no consistent and clear consensus of their impacts on CH 4 emissions. In this study, we used plant presence, species richness, plant species-specificity, and harvesting activity information obtained by reviewing papers published from 1993 to 2018 to elucidate the key factors that drive CH 4 emission from constructed wetlands. Although it was not statistically significant, plant presence increased the CH 4 emissions compared to unvegetated conditions and relatively lower values were observed for constructed wetlands planted with Acorus calamus, Cyperus papyrus or Juncus effusus. The use of a single plant species not only changed the production and consumption of CH 4 by affecting the functioning of roots but also influenced the process of CH 4 entering the atmosphere under different transport capacities. The CH 4 flux reached 1.0686 g CH 4 m À2 d À1 from the Zizania latifolia system, which is eight times larger than that of the Phalaris arundinacea system. The mixed systems exhibited a positive increase in CH 4 flux with plant species richness due to the complementary effects of the root exudates excreted from different plants. The minimum CH 4 value (À0.0084 g CH 4 m À2 d À1) was observed in the three-species system (Oenanthe javanica, Phalaris arundinacea and J. effusus). These results demonstrate that selecting several species with lower methane fluxes such as Typha latifolia and C. papyrus and suitably regulating harvesting in constructed wetlands can be more effective for mitigating the potential of CH 4 emissions while maintaining the efficiency of sewage purification.
In order to reveal the differentiated responses of plankton and zoobenthos to water quality on both annual and seasonal time scales, an ecological study on plankton and zoobenthos community was conducted during 2011 to 2015 in Nansi Lake in northern China. Different dynamics were found among phytoplankton, zooplankton, and zoobenthos in terms of density, biomass, and biodiversity. On an annual time scale and with deterioration of water quality, density and biomass of plankton and zoobenthos showed different variations, while phytoplankton (density, biomass, and biodiversity) changed significantly when water quality improved. On a seasonal time scale, density and biomass of phytoplankton showed significant differences between spring and summer. Results of Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that phytoplankton, zooplankton, and zoobenthos were significantly affected by different environmental factors. Our study demonstrated that phytoplankton was more sensitive to water quality changes than zooplankton and zoobenthos. These results suggest that density and biomass of phytoplankton could rapidly reflect water quality, whereas biodiversity of phytoplankton could indicate long-term status of water quality combined with the physico-chemical parameters of water. The results could contribute to predicting the dynamics of plankton and zoobenthos in freshwater lakes and to selecting effective bio-indicators for ecosystem health assessment of freshwater lakes.
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