An electrochemical three component cascade phosphorylation reaction of various heteroatoms-containing nucleophiles including carbazoles, indoles, phenols, alcohols, and thiols with Ph 2 PH has been established. Electricity is used as the "traceless" oxidant and water and air are utilized as the "green" oxygen source. All kinds of structurally diverse organophosphorus compounds with P(O)-N/P(O)-O/P(O)-S bonds are assembled in moderate to excellent yields (three categories of phosphorylation products, 50 examples, up to 97 % yield). A tentative free radical course is put forward to rationalize the reaction procedure.

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Nanometre-sized Sn and Bi particles were produced by an electrohydrodynamic technique. The lattice parameters of the nanometre-sized Sn and Bi particles with different grain sizes were measured by x-ray diffraction. It was found that the lattice parameters a and c for the nanometre-sized Sn and Bi particles are smaller than the equilibrium lattice parameters and of the corresponding Sn and Bi perfect single crystals respectively. With a reduction in grain size, the values of a, c and the unit cell volume V decrease. The results are attributed to a supersaturation of the vacant lattice sites in the nanoscale particles.

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Abstract. Terrestrial soil is a large reservoir of atmospherically deposited mercury (Hg). However, few studies have evaluated the accumulation of Hg in terrestrial ecosystems in the northeastern United States, a region which is sensitive to atmospheric Hg deposition. We characterized Hg and organic matter in soil profiles from 139 sampling sites for five subregions across the northeastern United States and estimated atmospheric Hg deposition to these sites by combining numerical modeling with experimental data from the literature. We did not observe any significant relationships between current net atmospheric Hg deposition and soil Hg concentrations or pools, even though soils are a net sink for Hg inputs. Soil Hg appears to be preserved relative to organic carbon (OC) and/or nitrogen (N) in the soil matrix, as a significant negative relationship was observed between the ratios of Hg/OC and OC/N (r ¼ 0.54, P , 0.0001) that shapes the horizonal distribution patterns. We estimated that atmospheric Hg deposition since 1850 (3.97 mg/m 2 ) accounts for 102% of the Hg pool in the organic horizons (3.88 mg/m 2 ) and 19% of the total soil Hg pool (21.32 mg/m 2 ), except for the southern New England (SNE) subregion. The mean residence time for soil Hg was estimated to be 1800 years, except SNE which was 800 years. These patterns suggest that in addition to atmospheric deposition, the accumulation of soil Hg is linked to the mineral diagenetic and soil development processes in the region.