SummaryNew neurons generated by the neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus play an important role in emotional regulation and respond to the action of antidepressants. Depression is a common and serious side effect of interferon-α (IFN-α), which limits its use as an antiviral and antitumor drug. However, the mechanism(s) underlying IFN-induced depression are largely unknown. Using a comprehensive battery of behavioral tests, we found that mice subjected to IFN-α treatment exhibited a depression-like phenotype. IFN-α directly suppressed NSC proliferation, resulting in the reduced generation of new neurons. Brain-specific mouse knockout of the IFN-α receptor prevented IFN-α-induced depressive behavioral phenotypes and the inhibition of neurogenesis, suggesting that IFN-α suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis and induces depression via its receptor in the brain. These findings provide insight for understanding the neuropathology underlying IFN-α-induced depression and for developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of IFN-α-induced depressive effects.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the changes in corneal biomechanical properties following small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) versus Q-value–guided femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (Q-FS-LASIK).MethodsIn this prospective comparative study, patients with a sphere plus cylinder measurement of less than −10.00 D and cylinder measurement of less than −5.00 D were included in the study. A total of 160 patients (160 eyes) with myopia and myopic astigmatism were divided into the two groups, with 80 patients (80 eyes) allocated to SMILE and 80 patients (80 eyes) allocated to Q-FS-LASIK. Corneal hysteresis (CH) and the corneal resistance factor (CRF) were quantitatively assessed using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) preoperatively and at 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1 and 3 months postoperatively.ResultsBoth types of surgery were associated with statistically significant decreases in CH and the CRF at postoperative day 1 (both P < 0.01). In both groups, the decreases subsequently stabilized with no further deteriorations compared to postoperative day 1 (P > 0.05). Both groups showed similar biomechanical changes at each time point (all P > 0.05).ConclusionsBoth SMILE and Q-FS-LASIK resulted in a decrease in CH and the CRF at postoperative 1 day, with the decreases stabilizing after this point. There were no significant differences between the short term effects of SMILE and Q-FS-LASIK on corneal biomechanical properties.

Background To evaluate a new method of implantable collamer lens (ICL) sizing based on ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) video clips. Methods This observational study included consecutive patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism scheduled for V4c toric ICL (TICL) implantation (STAAR) at Hangzhou MSK Eye Hospital (October 2020 to November 2020). Sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) distance, lens thickness (LT), and clinical refraction were measured preoperatively. The ZZ ICL formula (provides the predicted vault height and refraction based on TICL size, intraocular meridian, power, and eye parameters, including STS distance and LT) was used to select TICL size and predict vault height and residual refraction, which was also compared with the STAAR software recommended. Vault and residual refraction were measured at 3 months postoperatively. Results The analysis included 168 eyes in 84 patients. Postoperative vault size was comparable to that predicted by the ZZ ICL formula (528 ± 193 vs. 545 ± 156 μm, P = 0.227). Vault prediction error (PE) by the ZZ ICL formula was within 100, 300, and 500 μm in 40.48%, 88.10%, and 100% of eyes, respectively. Spherical equivalent (SE) and absolute cylindrical refractive error were 0.36 ± 0.48 and 0.40 ± 0.31 D at 3 months postoperatively. The SE PE, absolute cylindrical PE, and percentages of eyes with an absolute cylindrical PE within ± 0.50 D and ± 1.00 D were lower for the ZZ ICL formula than for the STAAR software (P < 0.01). Conclusions Combining measurements obtained in UBM video clips with the ZZ ICL formula provides an effective method of sizing TICLs and predicting vault height and residual refractive error.

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Clinical relevance: Understanding changes in ocular anatomical parameters after intraocular lens implantation will allow a more accurate determination of dioptric power prior to surgery. Background: The crystalline lens position might change due to the implantation and removal of an implantable collamer lens (ICL) or toric implantable collamer lens (TICL). This study aimed to assess the effect of ICL implantation on position of the crystalline lens. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent V4c ICL or V4c TICL implantation between March and September, 2018. Preoperative and post-operative (2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months) axial length, central corneal thickness, crystalline lens position, crystalline lens thickness and vault height were analysed. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the variables associated with 6-month changes in lens position. Results: This study included 117 eyes of 117 patients. There were decreases in all vertical distance measures from the central corneal endothelium to the anterior and posterior crystalline lens capsule (all p > 0.05). The amount of reduction was related to the crystalline lens position before the operation and crystalline lens thickness after the operation (all p < 0.01). An error in anterior chamber depth and lens thickness may appear when the ICL/TICL is close to the crystalline lens. Conclusion: Phakic intraocular lens implantation resulted in lens thickening and forward movement on day 1 post-operatively, which becomes stable within 6 months. Preoperative lens position and post-operative lens thickness were related to the amount of movement.

Background: Although immunotherapy with immune checkpoint therapy has been used to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), response rates and treatment sensitivity remain limited. Recent studies have indicated that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) may be an important target for novel cancer immunotherapies.Materials and methods: We collected genomic profile data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method and Cox regression were used to establish a prognostic model. Gene set enrichment analysis was applied to explore biological functions. Tracking of indels by decomposition and subclass mapping algorithms were adopted to evaluate immunotherapy efficiency.Result: We established a seven TGF-β pathway-associated gene signature with good prediction efficiency. The high-risk score subgroup mainly showed enrichment in tumor-associated signaling such as hypoxia and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways; This subgroup was also associated with tumor progression. The low-risk score subgroup was more sensitive to immunotherapy and the high-risk score subgroup to cisplatin, erlotinib, paclitaxel, and crizotinib.Conclusion: The TGF-β pathway signature gene model provides a novel perspective for evaluating effectiveness pre-immunotherapy and may guide further studies of precision immuno-oncology.

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